Prince William Born Prince William Arthur Philip Louis Windsor, on June 21, 1982, the eldest son of Diana, Princess of Wales, and Charles, Prince of Wales. His official title is His Royal Highness Prince William of Wales.

William attended Mrs. Mynor's Nursery school in West London (1985-87), Wetherby School in Kensington, London (1987-90), and Ludgrove School in Wokingham (1990-95). In 1995, at the urging of his grandfather, the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince William (nicknamed "Wills") entered Eton College, one of England's most prestigious secondary schools. A serious student with excellent grades, he also excelled in sports at Eton, particularly swimming. With his father and brother, he enjoys outdoor sports including riding, skiing, shooting and fishing.

As he is directly in line to the British throne after his father, Charles, he spends a good deal of time at Windsor Castle with Queen Elizabeth, who is very concerned with his upbringing and career development.

Affected by both his parents' divorce in 1996 and his mother's tragic death in 1997, the tall and handsome young William publicly stated his dislike for the press, and expressed discomfort with the growing attention he received from love-struck adolescent girls. William gives the impression of being a well-mannered, responsible and mature young man who shows a strong sense of duty and loyalty to the royal family, fully aware of the role he is to play in the future as the King of England.

Upon his graduation from Eton, William took a break from his studies to visit South America and Africa. He then attended Scotland's St Andrew's University, where he received a degree in geography in 2005. Following in the footsteps of his younger brother, Prince Harry, William joined the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst as a military cadet and received his commission as a second lieutenant in the Household Cavalry in December 2006. In 2008, he was appointed to be a Royal Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. He is now training to be a search and rescue pilot with the Royal Air Force.

Along with his military career, William supports numerous charities, including serving as patron to Centrepoint, an organization for homeless youth, and the Tusk Trust, which is dedicated to the preservation of African wildlife. In 2007, William and his brother Harry hosted a special concert to celebrate their late mother and raise funds for charities that Princess Diana supported during her life as well as charities supported by the princes.

As the future king of England, William's personal life has been the subject of much media attention. He had been romantically linked to Kate Middleton; the couple met while attending St. Andrew's University. Rumors of a possible engagement swirled around the pair for months, but to the surprise of royal watchers, the couple announced that they were splitting up in April 2007. However, in the time since that announcement, Middleton had attended several public and official events, as well as traveled on vacation with Prince William. Speculation about a wedding engagement between Prince William and Kate Middleton continued to swell.

On November 16, 2010, it was announced that Prince William and Kate Middleton were engaged. Prince William had popped the question in October during a holiday in Kenya, using his mother's engagement ring. It was also stated that the couple would live in North Wales, where Prince William is stationed with the Royal Air Force. Middleton is not of royal or aristocratic lineage, which is a break from longtime royal tradition.

With his marriage at Westminster Abbey on April 29, 2011, the Queen officially conferred her grandson with Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, as well as the additional titles Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus.

Lady Diana was born on July 1st, 1961, near Sandringham, England. Her born name is Diana Spencer was one of the most adored members of the British royal family. She was the daughter of Edward John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, and Frances Ruth Burke Roche, Viscountess Althorp (later known as the Honorable Frances Shand Kydd). Her parents divorced when Diana was young, and her father won custody of her and her siblings. She was educated first at Riddlesworth Hall and then went to boarding school at West Heath School.

She became Lady Diana Spencer after her father inherited the title of Earl Spencer in 1975. Although she was known for her shyness growing up, she did show an interest in music and dancing. Diana also had a great fondness for children. After attending finishing school at the Institut Alpin Videmanette in Switzerland, she moved to London. She began working with children, eventually becoming a kindergarten teacher at the Young England School.

Diana was no stranger to the British royal family, having reportedly played with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward as a child while her family rented Park House, an estate owned by Queen Elizabeth II. In 1977, she became reacquainted with their older brother, Prince Charles, who was 13 years her senior.

As the heir to the British throne, Prince Charles was usually the subject of media attention and his courtship of Diana was no exception. The press and the public were fascinated by this seemingly odd couple — the reserved, garden-loving prince and the shy young woman with an interest in fashion and popular culture. When the couple married on July 29, 1981, the ceremony was broadcast on television around the world, with millions of people tuning in to see what many considered to be the wedding of the century.

On June 21, 1982, Diana and Charles had their first child: Prince William Arthur Philip Louis. He was joined by a brother, Prince Henry Charles Albert David — known widely as "Prince Harry" — more than two years later on September 15, 1984. Initially overwhelmed by her royal duties and the intense media coverage of nearly every aspect of her life, she began to develop and pursue her own interests. Diana served a strong supporter of many charities and worked to help the homeless, people living with HIV and AIDS, and children in need.

Unfortunately, the fairy tale wedding of Princess Diana and Prince Charles did not lead to a happily-ever-after marriage. The two became estranged over the years, and there were reports of infidelities from both parties. During their union, Diana struggled with depression and bulimia. The couple's separation was announced in December 1992 by British Prime Minister John Major, who read a statement from the royal family to the House of Commons. The divorce was finalized in 1996.

Even after the divorce, Diana maintained a high level of popularity. She devoted herself to her sons and to such charitable efforts as the battle against the use of land mines. Diana used her international celebrity to help raise awareness about this issue. She also continued to experience the negative aspects of fame — her 1997 romance with Egyptian film producer and playboy Dodi Al-Fayed caused quite a stir and created a media frenzy. While visiting Paris, the couple was involved in a car crash after trying to escape from the paparazzi on the night of August 30, 1997.

Diana initially survived the crash, but later succumbed to her injuries at a Paris hospital a few hours later. Al-Fayed and the driver were also killed, and a bodyguard was seriously injured. French authorities investigated the crash and the driver was found to have a high level of alcohol in his system at the time of the accident. The role of the pursuing photographers in the tragedy was also scrutinized.

News of her sudden, senseless death shocked the world. Thousands turned out to pay tribute to the "people's princess" during her funeral procession. The funeral was held at Westminister Abbey, which was broadcast on television. Her body was later buried at her family's estate, Althorp.

In 2007, marking the tenth anniversary of her death, her sons, Princes William and Harry, honored their beloved mother with a special concert to be held on what would have been her 46th birthday. The proceeds of the event went to charities supported by Diana and her sons.

Continuing her charitable efforts is the Lady Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund. Established after her death, the fund provides grants to numerous organizations and supports initiatives to provide care to the sick in Africa, help refugees, and stop the use of land mines.

Ossma Bin Laden has born name Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden on March 10, 1957, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to construction billionaire Mohammed Awad bin Laden and Mohammed's 10th wife, Syrian-born Alia Ghanem. Osama was the seventh of 50 children born to Muhammad bin Laden, but the only child from his father's marriage to Alia Ghanem.

Osama's father started his professional life in the 1930s in relative poverty, working as a porter in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. During his time as a young laborer, Mohammed impressed the royal family with his work on their palaces, which he built at a much lower cost than any of his competitors could, and with a much greater attention to detail. By the 1960s, he had managed to land several large government contracts to build extensions on the Mecca, Medina and Al-Aqsa mosques. He became a highly influential figure in Jeddah; when the city fell on hard financial times, Mohammed used his wealth to pay all civil servants' wages for the entire kingdom for a six-month period. As a result, Mohammed bin Laden became well respected in his community.

As a father, he was very strict, insisting that all his children live under one roof and observe a rigid religious and moral code. He dealt with his children, especially his sons, as if they were adults, and demanded they become confident and self-sufficient at an early age.

Osama, however, barely came to know his father before his parents divorced. After his family split, Osama's mother took him to live with her new husband, Muhammad al-Attas. The couple had four children together, and Osama spent most of his childhood living with his step-siblings, and attending Al Thagher Model School at the time the most prestigious high school in Jedda. His biological father would go on to marry two more times, until his death in a charter plane crash in September 1967.

At the age of 14, Osama was recognized as an outstanding, if somewhat shy, student at Al Thagher. As a result, he received a personal invitation to join a small Islamic study group with the promise of earning extra credit. Osama, along with the sons of several prominent Jedda families, were told the group would memorize the entire Koran, a prestigious accomplishment, by the time they graduated from the institution. But the group soon lost its original focus, and during this time Osama received the beginnings of an education in some of the principles of violent jihad.

The teacher who educated the children, influenced in part by a sect of Islam called The Brotherhood, began instructing his pupils in the importance of instituting a pure, Islamic law around the Arab world. Using parables with often-violent endings, their teacher explained that the most loyal observers of Islam would institute the holy word even if it meant supporting death and destruction. By the second year of their studies, Osama Bin Laden and his friends had openly adopted the attitude and styles of teen Islamic activists. They preached the importance of instituting a pure Islamic law at Al Thagher; grew untrimmed beards; and wore shorter pants and wrinkled shirts in imitation of the Prophet's dress.

Mao Zedong was born in a poor peasant family, since young Mao had to work hard and life is concerned. Although later on her family's economic situation improved, but the misery in childhood that affect his life much later. As a child, Mao sent to study in elementary school. Childhood education also includes the teachings of the Confucian classics. But at age 13, his father told him to stop going to school and told him to work in the fields.


Mao's rebellious and determined to finish his education so he is desperate to run away from home and continue their education elsewhere.

In 1905, he followed the state exam at the time it began to remove the old Confucian ideologies; replaced by Western-style education. This marks the beginning of an intellectual uncertainty in China.

In 1911, Mao was involved in the Xinhai Revolution which is a revolution against the Qing Dynasty, which resulted in the collapse of imperial China who had ruled over 2000 years since 221 BC. In 1912, the Republic of China was proclaimed by Sun Yat-sen and China officially entered the era of the republic. Mao then continues her schooling and learn many things such as western culture. In 1918 he graduated and then studied at Beijing University. There he will meet with the founders of the CCP's Marxist-leaning.

Mao and the party
Mao in Yan'an in 1946

the party was founded in 1921 Mao and Mao's increasingly vocal. Between the years 1934 - 1935 he held the lead role and led the Chinese Red Army undergoing "Length Mars." Then since 1937 he participated to help Dai Nippon combat troops that occupied much of China's territory. Finally, World War II ended and civil war flared again. In the war against the nationalists of this, Mao became the leader of the Reds and he finally won in 1949. On October 1, 1949, People's Republic of China was proclaimed and the Chinese nationalist leader, Chiang Kai Shek fled to Taiwan.

In the CCP Mao himself since 1943 is chairman of the party secretariat and the Politburo, but he actually control the entire party until his death in 1976. Leadership may not be vulgar like Stalin's cruel but its policy of violence and conduct that arbitrarily brought the Chinese people themselves collapsed into ruin and misery are extraordinary.

Mao's Philosophy
Mao Zedong in 1936

Mao was not an original philosopher. His ideas on socialism fathers such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Lenin and Stalin. But he thought a lot about dialectical materialism is the basis of socialism and the application of these ideas in practice such original work can be said of Mao. Mao could also be said of a Chinese philosopher whose influence is greatest in this 20th Century.

Mao's most important philosophical concept is the conflict. He said: "Conflicts are universal and absolute; it is in the process of development of all goods and possess all the process from beginning to end." Karl Marx's historical model is also based on the principles of conflict: the oppressed classes and oppressed classes, capital and jobs are in a eternal conflict. At some point this will lead to a crisis and the workers will win. In the end this new situation will lead to a crisis again, but eventually all the processes logically according to Mao, will bring us to a stable and harmonious balance. Mao be argued that all conflicts are universal and absolute, so in other words are immortal. Mao's concept of conflict is no resemblance to the philosophical concept of yin-yang. It all sounds like a dogma of faith. The following are a sample of his thinking about the conflict.

In all of science is divided on the basis of certain conflicts inherent to the objects of their research. Conflicts have been the basic form of discipline than anything scientific. Here can be presented a few examples: positive and negative numbers in mathematics, action and reaction in mechanics, electricity positive and negative in physics, the attraction and repulsion in chemistry, class conflict in the social sciences, attack and defense in the science war, idealism and materialism and dialectical perspective in the science of metaphysics and philosophy and so on. These are all objects of research disciplines of science different because each discipline has a specific conflict and the essence or gist of each.

The examples given by Mao Zedong on 'conflict' in different disciplines taken from Lenin. Some analogy does fit but others do not. Negative numbers and positive is a bad example of the dialectics of Marxism because of their differences is not dynamic: there are only numbers negative and positive just emerging. Opinion Mao into doubt when he says that 'conflict' “conflict' this is the 'essence' rather than knowledge of the relevant disciplines. Positive and negative numbers is not the essence of mathematics, as well as metaphysics and dialectics is not the essence of philosophy. Mao is one of high learning and understanding-understanding that one can be explained from because he was obsessed with the concept of this conflict. This obsession also influence political decisions such as will be explained below later.
The concept of Yin Yang affects the philosophical views of Mao Zedong.

Mao's second important concept is the concept of knowledge which he also took from Marxism. Mao believes that knowledge is a continuation of the experience in the physical nature and that the experience was the same as engagement.

If you seek knowledge and you have to engage with the state of changed circumstances. If you want to know how it feels a pink, then pink it should be changed in a way to eat it. If you want to know the atomic structure, then you have to do experiments in physics and chemistry to change the status of these atoms. If you want to know the theory and method revolution, then you must follow. All true knowledge comes from direct experience.


Only after a person gain experience, then he could just jump to the front. After that knowledge practiced again that makes a person gain more experience and so on. Here shown that Mao's Marxism was not only familiar but also understand neo-Confucianism as proposed by Wang Yangmin who lived in the 15th century to the 16th century.

Mao and political policy

Mao distinguish two types of conflict, conflict antagonists and non-antagonistic conflicts. Antagonistic conflict can only be solved according to a just battle, while non-antagonistic conflict can be resolved by a discussion. According to Mao conflict between the workers and workers with the capitalists is an antagonistic conflict while the conflict between the Chinese people with the Party is a non-antagonistic conflict.

In 1956 Mao introduced a new policy in which the intellectuals can issue their opinion as a compromise against the party who pressed it because they want to avoid the cruel oppression is accompanied by the motto: "Let a hundred flowers and a hundred different thoughts compete." But ironically policy This political failure: the intellectuals were not satisfied and release much criticism. Mao himself argued that he had been betrayed by them and his revenge. About 700,000 members of the intelligentsia that he catches and forcibly made to work in rural areas.

Mao believed in the eternal nature of a revolution. He also believes that any revolution would result in the counter-revolutionary. Therefore, he regularly and eradicate what he considered arresting political opponents and the traitors or the counter-revolutionary. Event of the most dramatic and tragic events is the heart of the Cultural Revolution that occurred in 1966. In the 1960s the students in the whole world is on the happy-happy rebel against what they consider the Establishment or the ruling. Similarly, in China. The difference in China they are supported by their teachers and dignitaries of the Party including Mao himself. The students and faculty establish what is called the Red Guard, a paramilitary unit. Armed with Mao's Red Book, they attacked the lackeys of capitalism and Western influences and the other counter-revolutionary. As an example of their fanaticism, they are among others refused to stop on the highway when the red light because they suggest that the color red, a symbol of socialism might mean something not quit. So the members of the Red Guards in 1966 is very indiscriminate in combating the counter-revolutionary China in a state so that the country is very precarious and almost destroyed; his economic has no prospect. Finally, Mao was forced to reduce the PLA to overcome them and block their fanaticism. The result is a new civil war which ended in 1968.

Failure Mao

In 1958 Mao launched what he called the Great Leap Forward in which rural areas are totally reorganized. Everywhere established association’s villages (communes). Economically this was all failed. These communes into units that is too large and not able to be solved. It is estimated that approximately nearly 20 million people have died in China at that time in vain

Mao Zedong and the UN
Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949.

People's Republic of China since Mao proclaimed in 1949 not recognized by the United States. United States still recognizes the Nationalist Republic of China since 1949, only controlled the island of Formosa or Taiwan and surrounding areas. China since the founding of the United Nations in 1945 has become a permanent Security Council members along with the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union (Russia) as the winner of World War II, still represented too. Just who is representing the nationalist government that ruled Taiwan is now only just. This is a strange because the mainland Chinese who was then a population of approximately 800 million people are not represented at the United Nations, which represents only Taiwan has a population of just who was then probably no more than 10 million people.

So at the end of the 1960s the United States president, Richard Nixon, began to approach the People's Republic of China and finally with the approval of the Soviet Union became China's UN Security Council members began in 1972 and replaced Taiwan.


The legacy of Mao and the People's Republic of China at this time

In 1976 Mao Zedong died. After the People's Republic of China becomes more independent. Normalization of diplomatic relations with Indonesia are also materialized in 1992. At this moment China appears as a giant that just woke from his sleep and rapid economic growth. Even China could surpass Russia in its development. It is contested now is whether this can all be achieved thanks to Mao's merits or because the effect is already thin.

Ref: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong

Fidel Castro has the original name of Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) is the President of Cuba from 1976 to 2008. Previously, he served as Prime Minister on his appointment in February 1959 after appearing as a commander of a failed revolution concurrent position of President of the State Council as the Council of Ministers of Fulgencio Batista in 1976. Castro appeared as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (Communist Party of Cuba) in 1965 and transformed Cuba into a one-party socialist republic. After appearing as president, he appeared as a Cuban military commander. On July 31, 2006, Castro handed over his presidential position to his younger brother, Raúl for some time.


In 1947, he participated in the coup attempt dictator Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic and fled to New York (United States) because of the threat will be finished his political opponents. After finishing her doctorate in law in 1950, he protested and led the underground movement of anti-government for the takeover of power in a coup by Fulgencio Batista in 1952. In 1953, he led an assault on the Moncada military barracks of Santiago de Cuba, but failed. A total of 69 people from 111 people who took part in the raid that killed and he was jailed for 15 years.

After obtaining the pardon and was released on May 15, 1955, he led the effort to overthrow the dictator Batista. Resistance was then known by the 26th of July Movement. On July 7, 1955, he fled to Mexico and met with revolutionary fighter Che Guevara. Together with 81 others, he returned to Cuba on December 2, 1956 and conduct guerrilla insurgency for 25 months in the Sierra Maestra Mountains.

Outside Cuba, Castro began to gather strength to resist the domination of the United States and the former Soviet Union countries. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the ideals and dreams began to be realized with met Hugo Chávez in Venezuela and Evo Morales of Bolivia.

By the day of his 80th birthday which falls on August 13, 2006, he handed over the reins of leadership to his brother temporarily. Practical, Raúl concurrently, ie, as President of Cuba and the Cuban defense minister. Submission of this rule is the first time since he ran the country in 1959. Castro also asked the birthday celebration of the 80th was delayed until December 2, 2006. In fact, during the four-day festive feast at Havana's main streets had been prepared, including a magnificent concert of Latin American musicians and singers.

Castro's health had declined after the fall when a speech in 2004. At that time, the left knee and right arm were injured.

After surgery the digestive organs in 2006, the day he handed over power to brother, Raul. He was then only a few times appeared on the tape before claiming to resign in 2008.


On February 19, 2008, five days before the mandate ended, Fidel Castro said he would not nominate himself or accept a new term of office as president or commander of the Cuban armed forces. His position was replaced by his younger brother, Raul Castro.

Mao Zedong Lahir di sebuah keluarga petani miskin, sejak kecil Mao harus bekerja keras dan hidup prihatin. Meskipun di kemudian hari keadaan ekonomi keluarganya meningkat, tetapi kesengsaraan di masa kecil itu banyak mempengaruhi kehidupannya kelak. Ketika kecil, Mao dikirim untuk belajar di sekolah dasar. Pendidikannya sewaktu kecil juga mencakup ajaran-ajaran klasik Konfusianisme. Tetapi pada usia 13 tahun, ayahnya menyuruhnya berhenti bersekolah dan menyuruhnya bekerja di ladang-ladang.


Mao memberontak dan bertekad ingin menyelesaikan pendidikannya sehingga ia nekat kabur dari rumah dan melanjutkan pendidikannya di tempat lain.

Pada tahun 1905, ia mengikuti ujian negara yang pada saat itu mulai menghapus paham-paham konfusianisme lama; digantikan oleh pendidikan gaya Barat. Hal ini menandakan permulaan ketidakpastian intelektual di Cina.

Pada tahun 1911, Mao terlibat dalam Revolusi Xinhai yang merupakan revolusi melawan Dinasti Qing yang berakibat kepada runtuhnya kekaisaran Cina yang sudah berkuasa lebih 2000 tahun sejak tahun 221 SM. Tahun 1912, Republik Cina diproklamasikan oleh Sun Yat-sen dan Cina dengan resmi masuk ke zaman republik. Mao lalu melanjutkan sekolahnya dan mempelajari banyak hal antara lain budaya barat. Pada tahun 1918 ia lulus dan lalu kuliah di Universitas Beijing. Di sana ia akan berjumpa dengan para pendiri PKT yang berhaluan Marxis.

Mao dan Partainya
Mao pada tahun 1946 di Yan'an

Partai Mao didirikan pada tahun 1921 dan Mao semakin hari semakin vokal. Antara tahun 1934 – 1935 ia memegang peran utama dan memimpin Tentara Merah Cina menjalani “Mars Panjang”. Lalu semenjak tahun 1937 ia ikut menolong memerangi Tentara Dai Nippon yang menduduki banyak wilayah Cina. Akhirnya Perang Dunia II berakhir dan perang saudara berkobar lagi. Dalam perang yang melawan kaum nasionalis ini, Mao menjadi pemimpin kaum Merah dan akhirnya ia menangkan pada tahun 1949. Pada tanggal 1 Oktober tahun 1949, Republik Rakyat Cina diproklamasikan dan pemimpin Cina nasionalis; Chiang Kai Shek melarikan diri ke Taiwan.

Dalam PKT Mao sendiri sejak tahun 1943 adalah ketua sekretariat partai dan Politbiro tetapi sebenarnya ia mengontrol seluruh partai sampai ia mati pada tahun 1976. Kepemimpinan mungkin tidak kejam secara vulgar seperti Stalin tetapi kekerasan kebijakannya dan kelakuannya yang semau dirinya sendiri membawa rakyat Cina terpuruk ke dalam kehancuran dan kesengsaraan yang luar biasa.

Falsafah Mao
Mao Zedong di tahun 1936

Mao sebenarnya bukan seorang filsuf yang orisinil. Gagasan-gagasannya berdasarkan bapak-bapak sosialisme lainnya seperti Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Lenin dan Stalin. Tetapi ia banyak berpikir tentang materialisme dialektik yang menjadi dasar sosialisme dan penerapan gagasan-gagasan ini dalam praktek seperti dikerjakan Mao bisa dikatakan orisinil. Mao bisa pula dikatakan seorang filsuf Cina yang pengaruhnya paling besar dalam Abad ke 20 ini.

Konsep falsafi Mao yang terpenting adalah konflik. Menurutnya: “Konflik bersifat semesta dan absolut, hal ini ada dalam proses perkembangan semua barang dan merasuki semua proses dari mula sampai akhir.” Model sejarah Karl Marx juga berdasarkan prinsip konflik: kelas yang menindas dan kelas yang tertindas, kapital dan pekerjaan berada dalam sebuah konflik kekal. Pada suatu saat hal ini akan menjurus pada sebuah krisis dan kaum pekerja akan menang. Pada akhirnya situasi baru ini akan menjurus kepada sebuah krisis lagi, tetapi secara logis semua proses akhirnya menurut Mao, akan membawa kita kepada sebuah keseimbangan yang stabil dan harmonis. Mao jadi berpendapat bahwa semua konflik bersifat semesta dan absolut, jadi dengan kata lain bersifat abadi. Konsep konflik Mao ini ada kemiripannya dengan konsep falsafi yin-yang. Semuanya terdengar seperti sebuah dogma kepercayaan. Di bawah ini disajikan sebuah cuplikan tentang pemikirannya tentang konflik.

Dalam ilmu pengetahuan semuanya dibagi berdasarkan konflik-konflik tertentu yang melekat kepada obyek-obyek penelitian masing-masing. Konflik jadi merupakan dasar daripada sesuatu bentuk disiplin ilmu pengetahuan. Di sini bisa disajikan beberapa contoh: bilangan negatif dan positif dalam matematika, aksi dan reaksi dalam ilmu mekanika, aliran listrik positif dan negatifa dalam ilmu fisika, daya tarik dan daya tolak dalam ilmu kimia, konflik kelas dalam ilmu sosial, penyerangan dan pertahanan dalam ilmu perang, idealisme dan materialisme serta perspektif metafisika dan dialektik dalam ilmu filsafat dan seterusnya. Ini semua obyek penelitian disiplin-disiplin ilmu pengetahuan yang berbeda-beda karena setiap disiplin memiliki konfliknya yang spesifik dan esensi atau intisarinya masing-masing.

Contoh-contoh yang diberikan oleh Mao Zedong mengenai 'konflik' dalam disiplin yang berbeda-beda diambilnya dari Lenin. Beberapa analogi memang pas tetapi yang lain-lain tidak. Bilangan-bilangan negatif dan positif merupakan sebuah contoh yang buruk mengenai dialektika marxisme karena perbedaan mereka tidak dinamis: hanya ada bilangan-bilangan negatif dan positif baru yang bermunculan. Pendapat Mao menjadi meragukan lagi apabila ia mengatakan bahwa 'konflik'-'konflik' ini merupakan 'intisari' daripada disiplin ilmu pengetahuan yang bersangkutan. Bilangan negatif dan positif bukanlah intisari ilmu matematika, begitu pula metafisika dan dialektika bukanlah intisari dari filsafat. Mao adalah seseorang yang terpelajar dan pengertian-pengertiannya yang salah bisa diterangkan dari sebab ia sangat terobsesi dengan konsep konflik ini. Obsesi ini juga mempengaruhi keputusan-keputusan politiknya seperti akan dipaparkan di bawah nanti.
Konsep Yin Yang mempengaruhi pandangan falsafi Mao Zedong.

Konsep Mao kedua yang penting adalah konsepnya mengenai pengetahuan yang juga ia ambil dari paham Marxisme. Mao berpendapat bahwa pengetahuan merupakan lanjutan dari pengalaman di alam fisik dan bahwa pengalaman itu sama dengan keterlibatan.

Jika engkau mencari pengetahuan maka engkau harus terlibat dengan keadaan situasi yang berubah. Jika kau ingin mengetahui bagaimana sebuah jambu rasanya, maka jambu itu harus diubah dengan cara memakannya. Jika engkau ingin mengetahui sebuah struktur atom, maka engkau harus melakukan eksperimen-eksperimen fisika dan kimia untuk mengubah status atom ini. Jika engkau ingin mengetahui teori dan metoed revolusi, maka engkau harus mengikutinya. Semua pengetahuan sejati muncul dari pengalaman langsung.

Hanya setelah seseorang mendapatkan pengalaman, maka ia baru bisa melompat ke depan. Setelah itu pengathuan dipraktekkan kembali yang membuat seseorang mendapatkan pengalaman lagi dan seterusnya. Di sini diperlihatkan bahwa Mao tidak saja mengenal paham Marxisme tetapi juga paham neokonfusianisme seperti dikemukakan oleh Wang Yangmin yang hidup pada abad ke 15 sampai ke abad ke 16.

Mao dan Kebijakan Politiknya

Mao membedakan dua jenis konflik; konflik antagonis dan konflik non-antagonis. Konflik antagonis menurutnya hanya bisa dipecahkan dengan sebuah pertempuran saja sedangkan konflik non-antagonis bisa dipecahkan dengan sebuah diskusi. Menurut Mao konflik antara para buruh dan pekerja dengan kaum kapitalis adalah sebuah konflik antagonis sedangkan konflik antara rakyat Cina dengan Partai adalah sebuah konflik non-antagonis.

Pada tahun 1956 Mao memperkenalkan sebuah kebijakan politik baru di mana kaum intelektual boleh mengeluarkan pendapat mereka sebagai kompromis terhadap Partai yang menekannya karena ingin menghindari penindasan kejam disertai dengan motto: “Biarkan seratus bunga berkembang dan seratus pikiran yang berbeda-beda bersaing.” Tetapi ironisnya kebijakan politik ini gagal: kaum intelektual merasa tidak puas dan banyak mengeluarkan kritik. Mao sendiri berpendapat bahwa ia telah dikhianati oleh mereka dan ia membalas dendam. Sekitar 700.000 anggota kaum intelektual ditangkapinya dan disuruh bekerja paksa di daerah pedesaan.

Mao percaya akan sebuah revolusi yang kekal sifatnya. Ia juga percaya bahwa setiap revolusi pasti menghasilkan kaum kontra-revolusioner. Oleh karena itu secara teratur ia memberantas dan menangkapi apa yang ia anggap lawan-lawan politiknya dan para pengkhianat atau kaum kontra-revolusioner. Peristiwa yang paling dramatis dan mengenaskan hati ialah peristiwa Revolusi Kebudayaan yang terjadi pada tahun 1966. Pada tahun 1960an para mahasiswa di seluruh dunia memang pada senang-senangnya memberontak terhadap apa yang mereka anggap The Establishment atau kaum yang memerintah. Begitu pula di Cina. Bedanya di Cina mereka didukung oleh para dosen-dosen mereka dan pembesar-pembesar Partai termasuk Mao sendiri. Para mahasiswa dan dosen mendirikan apa yang disebut Garda Merah, yaitu sebuah unit paramiliter. Dibekali dengan Buku Merah Mao, mereka menyerang antek-antek kapitalisme dan pengaruh-pengaruh Barat serta kaum kontra-revolusioner lainnya. Sebagai contoh fanatisme mereka, mereka antara lain menolak berhenti di jalan raya apabila lampu merah menyala karena mereka berpendapat bahwa warna merah, yang merupakan simbol sosialisme tidak mungkin mengartikan sesuatu yang berhenti. Maka para anggota Garda Merah ini pada tahun 1966 sangat membabi buta dalam memberantas kaum kontra revolusioner sehingga negara Cina dalam keadaan amat genting dan hampir hancur; ekonominyapun tak jalan. Akhirnya Mao terpaksa menurunkan Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat untuk menanggulangi mereka dan membendung fanatisme mereka. Hasilnya adalah perang saudara yang baru berakhir pada tahun 1968.

Kegagalan Mao

Pada tahun 1958 Mao meluncurkan apa yang ia sebut Lompatan Jauh ke Depan di mana daerah pedesaan direorganisasi secara total. Di mana-mana didirikan perkumpulan-perkumpulan desa (komune). Secara ekonomis ternyata ini semua gagal. Komune-komune ini menjadi satuan-satuan yang terlalu besar dan tak bisa terurusi. Diperkirakan kurang lebih hampir 20 juta jiwa penduduk Cina kala itu tewas secara sia-sia

Mao Zedong dan PBB
Mao Zedong memproklamasikan Republik Rakyat Cina pada tanggal 1 Oktober 1949.

Republik Rakyat Cina semenjak diproklamasikan oleh Mao pada tahun 1949 tidak diakui oleh Amerika Serikat. Amerika Serikat tetap mengakui Republik Nasionalis Cina yang semenjak tahun 1949 hanya menguasai pulau Formosa atau Taiwan dan sekitarnya. Cina yang sejak didirikannya PBB pada tahun 1945 sudah menjadi anggota Dewan Keamanan secara tetap bersama dengan Amerika Serikat, Britania Raya, Perancis dan Uni Soviet (Rusia) sebagai pemenang Perang Dunia II, tetap diwakili pula. Cuma yang mewakili adalah pemerintah nasionalis yang sekarang hanya memerintah Taiwan saja. Hal ini menjadi aneh sebab Cina daratan yang kala itu berpenduduk kurang lebih 800 juta jiwa tidak diwakili di PBB; yang mewakili hanya Taiwan saja yang kala itu berpenduduk mungkin tidak lebih dari 10 juta jiwa.

Maka pada akhir tahun 1960-an presiden Amerika Serikat, Richard Nixon, mulai mendekati Republik Rakyat Cina dan akhirnya dengan persetujuan Uni Soviet RRT menjadi anggota Dewan Keamanan PBB mulai tahun 1972 dan menggantikan Taiwan.


Warisan Mao dan Republik Rakyat Cina saat ini

Pada tahun 1976 Mao Zedong meninggal dunia. Setelah itu Republik Rakyat Cina menjadi semakin terbuka. Normalisasi hubungan diplomatik dengan Indonesia juga terwujud pada tahun 1992. Pada saat ini Cina tampil sebagai sebuah raksasa yang baru bangun dari tidurnya dan pertumbuhan ekonomi sangat pesat. Bahkan Cina bisa melampaui Rusia dalam perkembangannya. Hal yang dipertentangkan sekarang ialah apakah ini semua bisa diraih berkat jasa-jasa Mao atau karena pengaruhnya sudah tipis.

Ref : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong

Fidel Castro mempunyai nama asli Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (lahir 13 Agustus 1926) adalah Presiden Kuba sejak 1976 hingga 2008. Sebelumnya, ia menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri atas penunjukannya pada Februari 1959 setelah tampil sebagai komandan revolusi yang gagal Presiden Dewan Negara merangkap jabatan sebagai Dewan Menteri Fulgencio Batista pada tahun 1976. Castro tampil sebagai sekretaris pertama Partai Komunis Kuba (Communist Party of Cuba) pada tahun 1965 dan mentransformasikan Kuba ke dalam republik sosialis satu-partai. Setelah tampil sebagai presiden, ia tampil sebagai komandan Militer Kuba. Pada 31 Juli 2006, Castro menyerahkan jabatan kepresidenannya kepada adiknya, Raúl untuk beberapa waktu.


Pada tahun 1947, ia ikut dalam upaya kudeta diktator Republik Dominika Rafael Trujillo dan lari ke New York (Amerika Serikat) karena adanya ancaman akan dihabisi lawan politiknya. Setelah meraih doktor di bidang hukum pada 1950, ia memprotes dan memimpin gerakan bawah tanah anti-pemerintah atas pengambil-alihan kekuasaan lewat kudeta oleh Fulgencio Batista pada 1952. Tahun 1953, ia memimpin serangan ke barak militer Moncada Santiago de Cuba, namun gagal. Sebanyak 69 orang dari 111 orang yang ambil bagian dalam serbuan itu tewas dan ia dipenjara selama 15 tahun.

Setelah mendapatkan pengampunan dan dibebaskan pada 15 Mei 1955, ia langsung memimpin upaya penggulingan diktator Batista. Perlawanan ini kemudian dikenal dengan Gerakan 26 Juli. Pada 7 Juli 1955, ia lari ke Meksiko dan bertemu dengan pejuang revolusioner Che Guevara. Bersama 81 orang lainnya, ia kembali ke Kuba pada 2 Desember 1956 dan melakukan perlawanan gerilya selama 25 bulan di Pegunungan Sierra Maestra.

Di luar Kuba, Castro mulai menggalang kekuatan untuk melawan dominasi Amerika Serikat dan bekas negara Uni Soviet. Setelah runtuhnya Uni Soviet pada tahun 1991, cita-cita dan impiannya mulai diwujudkan dengan bertemu Hugo Chávez di Venezuela dan Evo Morales dari Bolivia.

Menjelang hari ulang tahunnya ke-80 yang jatuh pada 13 Agustus 2006, ia menyerahkan tampuk kepemimpinannya untuk sementara waktu kepada adiknya. Praktis, Raúl merangkap jabatan, yakni sebagai Presiden Kuba dan Menteri Pertahanan Kuba. Penyerahan kekuasaan ini merupakan pertama kali sejak ia memerintah Kuba pada 1959. Castro juga meminta perayaan ulang tahunnya yang ke-80 ditunda sampai 2 Desember 2006. Padahal, pesta meriah selama empat hari di jalan-jalan utama Havana sudah disiapkan, termasuk konser megah dari musisi dan penyanyi Amerika Latin.

Kesehatan Castro sempat menurun setelah jatuh ketika berpidato pada 2004. Waktu itu, lutut kiri dan lengan kanannya terluka.

Setelah pembedahan organ pencernaan pada tahun 2006, dia menyerahkan kekuasaan hari kepada saudara, Raul. Dia kemudian hanya beberapa kali muncul dalam rekaman sebelum menyatakan diri mundur pada tahun 2008.


Pada 19 Februari 2008, lima hari sebelum mandatnya berakhir, Fidel Castro menyatakan tidak akan mencalonkan diri maupun menerima masa bakti baru sebagai presiden atau komandan angkatan bersenjata Kuba. Jabatannya digantikan oleh adiknya, Raul Castro.

Che Guevara has the real name Ernesto Guevara Lynch de La Serna (Rosario, Argentina, June 14, 1928 - Bolivia, October 9, 1967) is an Argentine Marxist revolutionary and Cuban guerrilla leader.

Guevara was born in Rosario, Argentina, mixed-blood family of Irish, Basque and Spanish. Date of birth written on his birth certificate which is June 14, 1928, but the truth is May 14, 1928.

Since the age of two Che Guevara suffered from asthma throughout his life suffered. Therefore, the family moved to the drier areas of Alta Gracia (Cordoba) where his health did not improve. Primary education he got at home in part from her mother, Celia de la Serna. At such a young age, Che Guevara has become a voracious reader. He diligently read the literature about Karl Marx, Engels and Sigmund Freud in his father's library. Entering the first middle school (1941) at the Colegio Nacional Dean Funes (Cordoba). At this school he became the best in the field of literature and sports. In his Che Guevara moved by the refugees of civil war Spain also by a barrage of severe political crisis in Argentina. This crisis culminated under the rule of fascist dictator Juan Peron left, a man who opposed Guevara. Various events are firmly planted in Guevara, he saw an insult in the pantomime that played in Parliament with its democracy and also the hatred will appear along with the military politicians and the capitalists who mainly to the United States dollar is considered a symbol of capitalism.

Nevertheless he did not participate in the revolutionary student movement. He showed little interest in politics at the University of Buenos Aires (1947) where he studied medicine. At first he was only interested in deepening the disease itself, but then she was interested in leprosy.

a return to their homes by a unanimous belief of the one thing that he did not want to be a professional middle class because of his expertise as a skin specialist. Then in the national revolution he went to La Paz, Bolivia where he was accused of being an opportunist. From there he went to Guatemala, earning his living by writing articles about the archaeological ruins of the Maya and Inca Indians. Guatemala was ruled by President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman is a socialist. Although Che has become a follower of Marxism and social scientists understand Lenin he refused to join the Communist Party. This resulted in the loss of opportunity for him to be a government medical worker, therefore he became poor. He lived with Hilda Gadea, a Marxist Saxon political education graduate of Indian descent. This person who introduce him to Nico Lopez, one of Fidel Castro's Lieutenant. In Guatemala he saw the CIA agent working as an agent of counterrevolution and more convinced that the revolution can only be armed insurrection. When the office of President Arbenz fell, Guevara moved to Mexico City (September 1954) and worked at the General Hospital, followed by Hilda Gadea and Nico Lopez. Guevara met and marveled at the Raúl Castro and Fidel Castro, then political émigrés, and he realized that Fidel was the leader he was seeking.

He joined Castro's followers in farmhouses where the fighters of the Cuban revolution trained guerrilla warfare violently and professionally by the Spanish Republican army captain Alberto Bayo, an author of "Ciento cincuenta preguntas a un guerilleo" (One hundred and fifty questions to a guerrilla fighter) in Havana, 1959. Bayo not only teaches from personal experience but also Mao Tse-tung and Che (in Italian means roommate and close friend) became his favorite disciple and a leader in class. War exercises at the farm to make local police suspicious and Che and the Cuban people were arrested but released a month later.

In June 1956, when they invaded Cuba, Che went with them, initially as a doctor but later as commander of the revolutionary army Barbutos. He is the most aggressive and intelligent and most successful of the entire guerrilla leader and the most sincere giving teachings of Lenin to his subordinates. He is also a ruthless disciplinarian who did not hesitate to shoot people in the arena this is sloppy and he gained a reputation for cold-blooded cruelty in the mass execution of fanatical supporters of the ousted president Batista. At the time of the revolution was won, Guevara is the second person after Fidel Castro in Cuba's new government and was responsible for leading Castro to communism that led to communism was not an independent Moscow-style communism orthodox adopted some college friends. Che organized and directed the Instituto Nacional de la Reforma Agraria, which make up the contents of agrarian law confiscating the lands owned by the feudal lords (landlords), established the Ministry of Industry and was appointed President of the National Bank of Cuba and displacing the communists from the government and postal strategic items. He acted tough against two French Marxist economist who asked for advice by Fidel Castro and Che who want to act more slowly. Che is also a fight against the Soviet advisers. He brought the Cuban economy so fast into total Communism, crop and production diversification that he temporarily ruined.


Wedding Che Guevara

In 1959, married Aledia Guevara March, then the two of visiting Egypt, India, Japan, Indonesia, which also attended the Asia-Africa Conference, Pakistan and Yugoslavia. Upon his return to Cuba he was appointed Minister of Industry, signed a trade pact (February 1960) with the Soviet Union, which releases Cuban sugar industry in the U.S. market dependence. This is a signal would failure in the Congo and Bolivia an axiom would be a mistake that would not be inevitable. "It is not necessary to wait until the conditions for revolution exist: the instructional focus can create" 'And, with Mao Tse-tung, he believed that the countryside must bring the revolution to the city that most of its population is farmers. Also at this time he spread the communist philosophy (published later in "The Socialism and Man in Cuba", March 12, 1965). He summarizes pahamnya become "Man can indeed achieve the perfect level of humanity when it produces without being compelled by physical needs, so he must sell himself as a commodity".


Official opposition to the communist Soviet Union appears when the organization for Asian-African Solidarity at Algiers (February 1965) accused the Soviet Union as an accomplice of imperialism with trade not only with the communist-bloc countries and provide assistance to developing countries of the socialist on the consideration of return. He also attacked the Soviet government for its policy of coexistence and for Revisionism. Guevara Tricontinental conference to realize the program of revolutionary, insurrectionary, guerrilla cooperation in Africa, Asia and South America. In addition, after the forced contact with the United States, he as the representative of Cuba to the United Nations attacked the North American countries for their greed and ruthless imperialism in Latin America.


Che Guevara attitude uncompromising on two capitalist countries encourage the communist state to stop forcing Castro Che (1965, not officially, but in practice. For several months a secret and his death was widely rumored. He was in various African countries, notably the Congo in which he surveying the possibility of turning the Kinshasa rebellion into a Communist revolution by Cuban guerrilla tactics. He returned to Cuba to train volunteers for this project and send a force of 120 Cubans to the Congo. His men fought in earnest, but not so with the rebels Kinshasa. They are in vain against the cruelty of Belgian and when the autumn 1965 Che asks Castro to withdraw Cuban aid only.

Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 from the couple Immanuel Nobel and Andriette Ahlsell. The father is an engineer and businessman in the construction field who also likes to experiment, especially in terms of destruction of buildings and stone which is strongly associated with the profession. Later, this is the business lines that drive to find a dynamite Alfred Nobel as explosives.

When Alfred was born, Immanuel business crash. This prompted him to move to other countries, namely Finland and Russia. His family was left in Stockholm. Despite coming from a wealthy family, Andriette have tenacity and ability to work hard are amazing. In order to make ends meet his family, he opened a grocery store in Stockholm and reap the wealth is not small.

In 1842 Immanuel Nobel family reunited in Russia. Immanuel is a new business, namely the field of machinery on the rise and success because of the contract with the Russian military as a provider of equipment used in the Crimean War against England. His company also makes marine and land mines needed for the Russian government.

Nobel family settled in Saint Petersburg and the simple life, although actually be engaged in luxury. Immanuel invest his fortune in the education of their children. Alfred and his brother did not undergo any formal education in schools. They are privately educated at home under educated teachers who are competent in their respective fields.

The results of such education is very visible in Alfred. Under the guidance of a Swedish teacher, Lars Santesson, he finally has a very deep interest in literature and philosophy. Ivan Peterov Immanuel teach kids math, physics, and chemistry. All children Immanuel fluent in Swedish, Russian, Russia, France, Britain, and Germany. Alfred himself to master the language at the age of 17.

Although education receives the same base, Alfred chose a different path with his brothers. Ludvig and Robert engaged in the engineering field, while Alfred chose to explore the science of chemistry. Professor Nikolai N. Zinin, the chemistry teacher, is the person who introduced Alfred and Immanuel will nitroglycerine in the future.

Studying chemical engineering

Alfred Nobel was very interested in youth literature, physics, and chemistry. He also classified as a melancholic personal because it is very like making poetry. After him, he recorded a personal library consisting of 1,500 books ranging from science, philosophy, to theology and history. The works of Lord Byron, poet from England, so he enjoy doing.

Philosophy helped fill his youth. Just because you want to test the ability of berbahasanya (and of course the intellectual as well), Alfred Nobel Voltaire translated from French to Swedish language and re-wrote it in French. Thought Locke, Alexander von Humboldt, and Benedict Spinoza was dilahapnya with ease.

Apparently, Immanuel do not agree with Alfred craze. He hoped that Alfred joined the family enterprise, especially as an engineer. Immanuel effort to divert attention from the literary world Alfred realized by sending Alfred abroad. Immanuel want for their children quiet and introverted little was studying chemical engineering science and open their horizons.

Alfred began traveling since 1850 until 1852. The first country he visited was the United States. There he learned the latest technologies. His education was continued in Paris, France. Professor T.J. Pelouze accept to work in his private laboratory on the recommendation given by Professor Zinin, a former chemistry teacher.

Zinin himself was a disciple of Pelouze. Pelouze is a professor at the Collge de France and also a close friend of Berzelius, Swedish chemist.

What happened in Paris was long tails on the business of Alfred Nobel later. The town also makes a chemist Alfred acquainted with young students who come from Italy Pelouze, Ascanio Sobrero. Sobrero three years earlier, in 1847, found liquid chemicals called with pyroglicerine (now called nitroglycerin). He explains to Alfred, this material has a high explosive power, but he did not know how to control the resulting explosion.

Nitroglycerin produced from mixing the glycerin with nitric and sulfuric acid or the nitrated glycerol. This material is dangerous because it is explosive. Although it has destroyed the power exceeds gunpowder (Gunpowder), but this fluid can easily explode if pressure and temperature increase. Alfred Nobel was interested in knowing more about the nitroglycerine and wants to involve its use in the construction business.

Insolvent

In 1852 Immanuel Nobel business progressed very rapidly in line with the increasing severity of the Crimean War. The Russian government will order the equipment of war increases. Alfred Emmanuel commanded to return to Russia to help his family business.

Based on the knowledge gained during in Paris, Alfred and his father conducted a series of experiments to produce the nitroglycerin in large quantities and can be used in commercial purposes.

The idea will be studies of nitroglycerin comes also from Professor Zinin who held a demonstration would be the use of nitroglycerin for military purposes. At the demonstration, Zinin poured a few drops of nitroglycerine which then hit causing a loud explosion. However, it turns out that react only fluid that is in contact with the pressure, the rest remain.

Immanuel was trying to involve them in the Crimean War, but all failed and do not work. According to Alfred in the future, his father, who carried out experiments by mixing nitroglycerin with gunpowder only done on a small scale.

Crimean War was finally over after the signing of the Treaty of Paris on March 30, 1856. This event resulted in a second bankruptcy for Immanuel and forced him to leave Russia and return to Sweden. Robert and Ludvig stayed in Russia and develop a business machine that would later establish the Russian oil company called Brothers Nobel or Branobel.

"Kieselguhr"

Approximately in 1860, Alfred held a series of personal experiments. Eventually she began successfully producing nitroglycerine without any significant problems. Its success is a first advantage over Sobrero.

Alfred then mixing nitroglycerin with gunpowder and burning it with the help axis. The father who did a similar experiment quite furious. She thought it was his idea. Alfred also explained what he was doing, so that any anger subsided Immanuel. The work of Alfred Nobel will be called by blasting liquid oil is also contained in the patent in October 1863, at the age of 30.
After that, the shadow of Alferd Nobel success began to appear gradually. In the spring and next summer, he returned the research and finally find out the mechanism of nitroglycerin production simpler and introduce the use of detonators in blasting. Both also eventually patented his discovery.

Despite relatively melancholy, Alfred Nobel was not the one who slowly recovering from grief. In September 1864, in Stockholm, Alfred factory exploded and killed his brother, Emil Nobel. One month later, he included the company in the stock market.

Great success was achieved. The factory was more scattered across the world. He bought a parcel of land in Hamburg, Germany, and set up factories there. Factories in the United States were built in 1866 after fighting a variety of bureaucratic obstacles and similar business practices.

The success did not dampen the success of Alfred attention on a very favorite area, namely research. He finally knew, nitroglycerin can be absorbed by a porous material that has a shape that are portable, can be brought anywhere, and safe.

While living in Germany, he finally found the material. This material is known as kieselguhr, which is made from silica sand pengabsorb derived from algae diatomae shell. Kieselguhr make nitroglycerine has a shape, being able mengabsorb liquid chemicals. Thus, this mixture can be easily placed in the bombed and taken anywhere without fear of explosion.

This is where the dynamite came from. Dynamite comes from the Greek word dynamis, meaning power or power. 1867 is also a golden age for the Alfred Nobel since his dynamite patent approval in various countries such as Sweden, Britain and the United States. Dynamite was found during pneumatic drilling machines and diamond are used for similar purposes. It is not surprising that the involvement of dynamite greatly reduce the time, effort, and cost in construction projects.

In 1868 Alfred Nobel and his father received an award Letterstedt Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. This award is given to anyone who produces a valuable discovery for mankind. The idea comes also from the Nobel Prize awards earned by Alfred Nobel in Sweden.

The flurry of business and he often traveled abroad only leaving little time for his personal life. At the age of 43 she was feeling lonely. This prompted him to make friends at home and also private secretary to the way advertise in the newspaper. Applicants came. But the choice finally fell on the Countess Bertha Kinsky, an Austrian noblewoman.

Introduction to the Countess did not last long because the Countess Bertha Kinsky had to marry Count Arthur von Suttner. Nevertheless, they kept in touch through letters. Bertha von Suttner was not a woman at random. He was classified as a thinker and world peace activist who later produced a book titled "Lay Down Your Arms". Many people who do not doubt the influence of Bertha von Suttner in shaping the ideas of Alfred Nobel for giving his wealth in the form of prizes for those who strongly supports the peace of the world. Bertha von Suttner himself received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905.

Excess Alfred Nobel that really stand out is its ability to combine the style of a deep thinking philosopher and scientist-style with his view that far-sighted and dynamic that often possessed by an industrialist. He is also interested in social issues and not infrequently also catapult ideas that are categorized as radical for that time. Literature and writing poetry as well they do.

Abundant wealth and the absence of descendants to make him confused about to be given to anyone who owned property. On 27 November 1895 he wrote his will in the presence of the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris. In 1891 in moved from Paris heading to San Remo, Italy where he died of a brain hemorrhage on December 10, 1896. Alfred Nobel produced 355 patents during his lifetime.***

Ibnu SIna History live will explain in this page.

Ibn Sina, which had the original name Syeikhur Rais, Abu Ali Husein bin Abdillah bin Hasan bin Ali bin Sina, born in 370 in a village called Isalmic Calendar Khormeisan near Bukhara. Since childhood, from Ibn Sina Ismailiyah bermadzhab families are already familiar with the scientific discussion, particularly that presented by his father. A very high intelligence makes it stand out so that one of his teachers advised her father to Ibn Sina did not jump into anything other than work study and acquire knowledge.

Thus, Ibn Sina in full to give its attention to scientific activities. His geniuses make it quickly mastered many sciences, and although still young, he was skilled in medicine. He became famous, so the King of Bukhara Nuh bin Mansur, who ruled between the years 366 to 387 Isalmic Calendar now illness called Ibn Sina to treat and to treat it.


Thanks to this, Ibn Sina to freely enter the palace library Samani great. Ibn Sina on the library it says so;

"All the books I want are there. In fact, I find many books that most people never even know his name. I myself have never been seen and will never see again. So I diligently read the scriptures, and as much as possible to use it ... When stepped on my age 18 years, I have managed to complete all fields. "Avicenna the various sciences, such as wisdom, semantic, and the various branches of mathematics.



Busy on the political stage at the palace Mansur Samani dynasty kings, as well as its position as a minister in the government of Abu Tahir Syamsud Serra Deilami and political conflicts that occur due to a power struggle between the aristocratic group, does not reduce the activity of science Avicenna. Even long safari to various places and detention for several months in jail Tajul Muk, the ruler of Hamedan, not hinder him to produce hundreds of volumes of scientific papers and pamphlets.



While in the palace and lived a quiet and can easily obtain the desired book, Ibn Sina busied himself by writing a book Qanun in medical science or philosophy of writing encyclopedia dibeni name of the book Al-Syifa '. But when he should've written a small book called the pamphlet. While in prison, Ibn Sina concern themselves with the bytes composing a poem, or write using the religious contemplation of beauty.



Among the books and pamphlets written by Ibn Sina, al-Syifa 'in philosophy and Al-Qanun in medical science are known throughout the mass. Al-Syifa 'written in 18 volumes dealing with the philosophy of science, mantiq, mathematics, natural sciences and ilahiyyat. Mantiq al-Syifa 'now known as the most authentic books of Islamic mantiq sciences, natural sciences, and while the discussion of al-ilahiyyat Syifa' till now is still the subject of review.



In medical science, the book Al-Qanun Ibn Sina's writings over several centuries to be the main reference books and the most authentic. Book is stripping the general rules of medical science, medicine and many diseases. Along with the rise of the translation movement in the 12th century AD, the book Al-Qanun Ibn Sina's works translated into Latin. Now the book has also been translated into English, French and German. Al-Qanun is the book of the ancient methods of treatment and methods of treatment of Islam. This Book has become the curriculum of medical education in European universities.



Ibnu also have a major role in developing various areas of science. He translated works Aqlides run observatory for science and astronomy. Ibn Sina on the issue of energy research results to the problem of empty space, light and heat to the wealth of knowledge of the world.



It was said that Ibn Sina has a paper in Latin entitled De Conglutineation Lagibum. In one chapter of this paper, Ibn Sina discusses the origin of the name of the mountains. The discussion was very interesting. There Ibn Sina says, "The possibility of a mountain created because of two causes. First menggelembungnya outer skin of the earth, and this happens because the great earthquake shaking. Due to the water to find a way to flow. The process resulted in the emergence of the valleys together and create markup on the surface of the earth. Because some hard ground and some software. Winds also blew the play with some and leaving some in place. This is the cause of the appearance of bumps on the outer skin of the earth. "



Ibn Sina to the power of logic, so in many ways following the mathematical theory and even in medicine and the treatment process, also known as a philosopher unrivaled. According to him, a newly recognized as a scholar, where he was master of philosophy perfectly. Ibn Sina was very careful in studying the views of Aristotle in the field of philosophy. When told his experience studying thought of Aristotle, Avicenna claimed that he read the works of Aristotle Metaphysics Book by 40 times. He dominated the purposes of this book is perfect after reading lectures or explanations 'metaphysics of Aristotle', written by Farabi, Muslim philosophers before.



In philosophy, the life of Abu Ali Ibn Sina had two crucial periods. The first period is the period when he was involved in understand the philosophy paripatetik. In this period, Ibn Sina is known as a translator of Aristotle thought. Second period is the period when Ibn Sina withdraw from paripatetik understand that Peter and tend to mind their own illumination.



Thanks to the study and the study of philosophy that made the earlier philosophers such as Al-Kindi and Farabi, Ibn Sina successfully develop a coordinated system of Islamic philosophy of care. Done a great job Avicenna philosophy is to answer several questions previously unanswered.



Ibn Sina's influence philosophical thinking such thoughts and his study work in the field of medicine is not just focused on reaching the Muslim world but also Europe. Albertos Magnus, German scientists from the life of Dominique flow between 1200-1280 BC was the first European to write a complete explanation of the philosophy of Aristotle. It is known as a major pioneering Christian Aristotelian thought. He is a Christian world mate with Aristotelian thought. He knows big views and the Greek philosophers thought that the books of Ibn Sina. Metaphysics of Ibn Sina's philosophy is a summary of the philosophical themes of truth are two centuries later by Western thinkers.



Ibn Sina died in 428 at age 58 years Isalmic Calendar. He went after a lot of things contributed to the wealth of knowledge of mankind and his name will always be remembered throughout history. Ibn Sina is an example of the great civilizations of Iran at the time.

Teori evolusi Charles Darwin dalam Sains Moden digambarkan sebagai teori yang menyatakan bahawa manusia berasal daripada binatang ,khususnya dari binatang yang berupa mawas manusia.Darwin dalam bukunya bertajuk "The Origin Of species"(Asal-Usul Jenis-Jenis Haiwan ).Beliau mengutarakan satu saranan bahawa semua makhluk yang hidup telah wujud hasil daripada proses evolusi daripada satu atau beberapa nenek moyang.Teori beliau menumpukan perhatian kepada bagaimana bentuk haiwan yang simpel berevolusi untuk menjadi bentuk yang kompleks.Beliau merumuskan pengalaman-pengalamannya bahawa semua jenis binatang berasal dari ameba,sejenis haiwan yang mempunyai satu sel.Bermakna beliau percaya bahawapada mulanya Pencipta mencipta satu atau beberapa bentuk organisma yang simpel.Dengan proses pertarungan tabii,organisma yang kompleks telah dihasilkan ,yang penting disini ialah Darwin percaya bahawa organisma-organisma atau spesis-spesis yang kompleks berhasil dari nenek moyang yang sama iaitu spesis yang simpel.

Darwin sendiri sedar bahawa rekod-rekod fosil tidak menyokong lamunannya tetapi menyimpan harapan bahawa penyelidikkan seterusnya akan mengisi kekosongan tersebut.



ASAS HIPOTESIS DARWIN

Hipotesis evolusi menyarankan bahawa semua yang sedang atau telah hidup berasal daripada organisma yang lebih rendah atau kurang sempurna melalui proses turunan disertai dengan perubahan.Bukti-bukti yang diutarakan oleh Darwin adalah seperti berikut menurut keutamaannya.



Bukti-Bukti Utama ialah :

1. Di antara individu-individu kebanyakkan spesis,terdapat berbagai variasi dan perubahan .Variasi ini sangat jelas di kalangan haiwan ternak dan tumbuhan pertanian.

2. Dalam perjuangan hidup ,organisma (haiwan atau tumbuhan) yang akan terus hidup ialah yang paling mampu untuk mempertahankan diri atau menyesuaikan diri dengan keadaan iklim dan suasana sekitarnya.Organisma-organisma yang terbaik itu akan memindahkan baka-bakanya kepada keturunannya secara proses seleksi tabii.

3. Mutasi dan pemencilan memain peranan yang penting untuk mewujudkan sesuatu spesis yang baru.

4. Rekod-rekod fosil dari zaman purba yang dijumpai di lapisan geologi telah memberi bukti bahawa evolusi telah berlaku.



BUKTI-BUKTI SAMPINGAN

a) Persamaan yang dapat dilihat dari peringkat –peringkat "embrio" ke peringkat "fetus" antara organisma –organisma yang jelas berbeza pada peringkat dewasa.

b) Kebolehan untuk menjenis organisma-organisma dalam kelas-kelas tertentu menurut ke turunan dan peringkat-peringkat kesempurnaan.

3. Adanya anggota-anggota (organ) yang dianggap sebagai tidak berkembang .Anggota tersebut telah disangka sebagai turunan anggota yang berperingkat lebih rendah di mana anggota itu didapati dalam keadaan yang sempurna dan sangat berguna.
Demikian tentang Teori Evolusi Charles Darwin.

Cleopatra yang kita kenal sekarang adalah bernama Cleopatra VII Philopator ( Januari 69 SM – 12 Agustus 30 SM) adalah ratu Mesir kuno, anggota terakhir dinasti Ptolemeus. Walaupun banyak ratu Mesir lain yang menggunakan namanya, dialah yang dikenal dengan nama Cleopatra, dan semua pendahulunya yang bernama sama hampir dilupakan orang.

Ia adalah penguasa Mesir bersama ayahnya Ptolemeus XII, saudara laki-laki sekaligus suaminya: Ptolemeus XIII dan Ptolemeus XIV, dan akhirnya anaknya Caesarion. Cleopatra berhasil mengatasi kudeta yang dirancang oleh pendukung saudara laki-lakinya dengan bersekutu dengan Julius Caesar dan dilanjutkan Mark Antony. Cleopatra memiliki 1 anak dari Julius Caesar dan 3 anak dari Mark Antony (dua diantaranya adalah kembar).


Cleopatra bunuh diri sewaktu Augustus (Octavianus) naik tahta dan menyerang Mesir, dengan cara memasukkan tangannya sendiri kedalam keranjang penuh ular berbisa ( Asp / sejenis Cobra asal Afrika Utara). Kisah hidupnya sering didramatisasikan dalam berbagai bentuk karya, termasuk "Antony and Cleopatra" dari William Shakespeare dan beberapa film modern.

Cleopatra bertemu Caesar
Masa kecil

Sedikit yang diketahui tentang masa kecil Cleopatra, tetapi Cleopatra berdarah Yunani, bukan keturunan Mesir. Ia dilahirkan pada awal tahun 69 Sm, anak ke-3 dari 6 orang dan lahir di kalangan Dinasti Ptolemaik Yunani. Ia mempunyai 2 orang kakak dan seorang adik perempuan serta dua adik laki-laki. Ia dilahirkan dan dibesarkan di Alexandria yang merupakan kota terbesar dan termewah saat itu.

Kerajaan dari ayah Cleopatra tidak aman akibat tekanan dan konflik dari luar dan dalam perebutan kekuasaan, serta konflik dalam seperti Pemenrintahan sentralisasi dan korupsi politik. Hal ini memimpin pemberontakan dan hilangnya Siprus dan Cyrenaica yang menyebabkan masa kekuasaan Ptolemeus sebagai salah satu yang paling mematikan di dinasti tersebut. Semasa kecil, Cleopatra telah melihat persengketaan dalam keluarganya sendiri. Dikatakan bahwa ayahnya selamat dari 2 usaha pembunuhan ketika seoragn pelayan menemukan ular berbisa yang mematikan di tempat tidurnya dan pelayan yang mencicipi minuman anggur tuannya yang selanjutnya pelayan tersebut meninggal.

Kakak perempuan tertuanya, Tryphaena kekaisaran Romawi akibat beban utang yang terlalu tinggi, tetapi masih berharap agar Romawi tidak menaklukan Mesir. Keadaan itu menyebabkan Ptolemeus XII diusir rakyat dari Alexandria yang akhirnya melarikan diri ke Romawi. Pada tahun 58 Sm, ibunya, Cleopatra VBerenice IV dengan bantuan gubernur Suriah Romawi, Aulus Gabinis selama setahun hingga ibunya meninggal, lalu Berenice IV memerintah sendiri.

Ptolemeus XII menggulingkan anak perempuan tertuanya pada tahun 55 SM dan menghukum mati anaknya, Berenice IV. Kakak perempuan Cleopatra lainnya, Tryphaena mengambil tahta dan tidak lama kemudian ia meninggal yang menyisakan Cleopatra dengan suaminya dan adiknya, Ptolemeus XII sebagai penerus tahta.
juga mencoba untuk meracuni Cleopatra sehingga ia mulai menggunakan juru cicip.

Ketika ia berusia belasan tahun, ia menyaksikan kejatuhan ayahnya sendiri dan ayahnya menjadi boneka mengambil alih pemerintahan bersama anaknya, yang dikuasai

Dari ayahnya, Ptolemeus XII, Cleopatra mengetahui akan kekuatan leluhurnya. Leluhurnya telah melakukan penaklukan besar hampir 3 abad yang lalu.
Naik tahta

Ptolemeus XII meninggal pada bulan Maret tahun 51 Sm, membuat Cleopatra yang saat itu berusia sekitar 18 tahun dan Ptolemeus XII yang berusia sekitar 12 tahun sebagai pemimpin gabungan. 3 tahun pertama kekuasaan mereka sulit karena permasalahan ekonomi, kelaparan, banjir Sungai Nil dan konflik politik. Walaupun Cleopatra menikahi adiknya, ia menunjukan bahwa ia tidak memiliki keinginan untuk berbagi kekuasaan dengannya.

Diturunkan dari tahta

Pada bulan Agustus tahun 51 SM, relasi mereka rusak. Cleopatra menurunkan nama Ptolemeus dari dokumen resmi dan wajahnya muncul sendiri di uang koin yang berada diluar tradisi Ptolemaik yang menyatakan bahwa pemimpin wanita dibawahkan oleh pemimpin laki-laki. Hal ini menghasilkan kelompok rahasia orang yang tidak termasuk dalam istana, dipimpin oleh eunuch Pothinus, menurunkan Cleopatra dari kekuasaan dan menjadikan Ptolemeus pemimpin pada tahun 48 Sm (atau lebih awal, dan terdapat sebuah dekrit pada tahun 51 Sm dengan nama Ptolemeus sendiri). Ia mencoba untuk melakukan pemberontakan disekitar Pelusium, tapi ia terpaksa melarikan diri dari Mesir dengan adiknya yang tersisa, Arsinoe.

Kembali Naik Tahta

Ketika Cleopatra pergi dari Mesir, Pompey melibatkan diri dalam perang saudara Romawi. Pada musim gugur tahun 48 Sm, Pompey melarikan diri dari pasukan Julius Caesar ke Alexandria, Pompey dibunuh oleh salah satu mantan opsirnya yang sekarang bekerja untuk Ptolemaik. Ia dipenggal didepan istri dan anaknya, yang berada di kapal yang baru saja ia turuni. Ptolemeus berpikir bahwa dengan ia telah memerintahkan kematian Pompey untuk menyenangkan Julius Caesar. Hal ini adalah kesalahan Ptolemeus yang besar. Ketika Caesar tiba di Mesir dua hari kemudian, Ptolemeus memberikan kepala Pompey. Caesar yang melihat hal ini sangat marah karena fakta bahwa walaupun ia musuh politik Caesar, Pompey adalah konsul Roma dan duda dari anak Julis Caesar, Julia. Caesar menguasai ibukota Mesir dan menjadikannya wasit dari klaim antara Ptolemeus dan Cleopatra. dan mencari suaka. Ptolemeus saat itu berusia 15 tahun dan menunggu kedatangannya. Pada tanggal 28 September 48 SM

Cleopatra mengambil kesempatan ini dan kembali ke istana dan bertemu dengan Caesar. Dipercaya bahwa Caesar terpesona dengan langkahnya, dan Cleopatra menjadi kekasihnya. 9 bulan setelah pertemuan pertama mereka, Cleopatra melahirkan bayi. Pada saat ini, Caesar meninggalkan rencananya untuk menggabungkan Mesir, dan mendukung klaim Cleopatra atas tahta. Setelah perang saudara pendek, Ptolemeus XIII tenggelam di Sungai Nil dan Caesar mengembalikan Cleopatra ke tahtanya, dengan adiknya yang lain Ptolemeus XIV sebagai wakil pemimpin baru.

Hubungan Cleopatra dengan Julius Caesar

Walaupun perbedaan umur Cleopatra dan Julius Caesar sebesar 30 tahun, Cleopatra dan Caesar menjadi kekasih selama Caesar berada di Mesir tahun 48 SM sampai 47 SM. Mereka bertemu ketika Cleopatra berusia 21 tahun dan Caesar berusia 50 tahun. Pada tanggal 23 Juni 47 SM, Cleopatra melahirkanPtolemeus Caesar (disebut "Caesarion" yang berarti "Caesar kecil"). Cleopatra mengklaim Caesar sebagai ayahnya dan berharap untuk menjadikan anak itu sebagai ahli waris, tetapi Caesar menolak dan lebih memilih cucu lelakinya, Octavian. Caesarion dimaksudkan untuk mewarisi Mesir dan Romawi, menyatukan timur dan barat.

Cleopatra dan Caesarion mengunjungi Roma pada tahun 47 SM sampai tahun 41 SM dan hadir ketika Caesar dibunuh pada tanggal 15 Maret 44 SM. Sebelum atau sesudah pembunuhan, ia kembali ke Mesir. Ketika Ptolemeus XIV meninggal karena kesehatannya memburuk, Cleopatra menjadikan Caesarion penerusnya. Untuk menjaganya dan Caesarion, adiknya Arsinoe meninggal.
Hubungan Cleopatra dengan Mark Antony
Anthony dan Cleopatra, dibuat oleh Lawrence Alma-Tadema.

Pada tahun 42 SM. Mark Antony, salah satu orang yang berkuasa di Roma setelah kematian Caesar, memanggil Cleopatra untuk bertemunya di Tarsus untuk menjawab pertanyaan kesetiaannya. Cleopatra tiba dan memikat Antony yang menyebabkan Anthony menghabiskan musim dingin tahun 41 SM -40SM dengannya di Alexandria. Pada tanggal 25 Desember 40 SM, ia melahirkan 2 anak, Alexander Helios dan Cleopatra Selene II.

Empat tahun kemudian, tahun 37 SM, Antony mengunjungi Alexandria sekali lagi untuk berperang dengan Parthian. Ia memperbarui hubungannya dengan Cleopatra, dan sejak saat itu Alexandria menjadi rumahnya. Ia menikahi Cleopatra menurut ritus Mesir (surat dikutip di Suetonius mengusulkan ini), walaupun ia sedang berada pada waktu menikahi Octavia Minor. Ia dan Cleopatra memiliki anak yang bernama Ptolemeus Philadelphus.

Dengan donasi Alexandria pada tahun 34 SM, dan juga serangan Anthony atas Armenia, Cleopatra dan Caesarion dimahkohtai sebagai wakil pemimpin Mesir dan Siprus. Alexander Helios menjadi pemimpin Armenia, Media, dan Parthia; Cleopatra Selene II menjadi pemimpin Cyrenaica dan Libya. Ptolemeus Philadelphus menjadi penguasa Phoenicia, Suriah, dan Sisilia. Cleopatra juga mendapat gelar "Ratu atas Raja".

Sikap Anthony dipandang buruk oleh Romawi dan Octavian meyakinkan senat untuk berperang dengan Mesir. Pada tahun 31 SM, pasukan Anthony menghadapi serangan armada Romawi di pantai Actium. Dengan terjadinya pertempuan Actium, Octavian menyerang Mesir. Dengan tanpa pengungsi lain yang melarikan diri, Anthony melakukan aksi bunuh diri dengan menusukan pedangnya pada tanggal12 Agustus 30 SM.

Kematian
Gambaran kematian Cleopatra oleh Reginald Arthur.

Mark Antony bunuh diri yang menyebabkan Cleopatra juga bunuh diri. Tidak diketahui bagaimana ia meninggal, tetapi menurut legenda, ia mengambil keputusan untuk bunuh diri setelah ia menyadari bahwa ia gagal mencapai tujuannya. Ia meninggal akibat membiarkan dirinya digigit ular berbisa yang diselipkan kedalam bakul berisi buah ara. Dalam detik terakhir kematiannya, ia menyatakan takdirnya sebagai dewi.

Anak Cleopatra, Caesarion mengklaim sebagai pharaoh Mesir, tetapi Octavian menang lebih dulu. Caesarion ditangkap dan dieksekusi, takdirnya dilaporkan dikunci oleh perkataan terkenal Octavian: "Dua Caesar terlalu banyak." Hal ini mengakhiri garis pharaoh Mesir. 3 anak dari Cleopatra dan Antony diampuni dan dibawa kembali ke Roma dan mereka dirawat oleh istri Anthony, Octavia Minor.

Pelayan Cleopatra, Iras and Charmion juga bunuh diri. Anak perempuan Anthony, Octavia diampuni dan juga anaknya, Iullus Antonius. Anaknya yang tertua, Marcus Antonius Antyllus, dibunuh ketika memohon untuk kehidupannya di Caesarium.

John Lennon Bernama Lengkap John Winston Lennon (lahir di Liverpool, Inggris, 9 Oktober 1940 – wafat di New York City, Amerika Serikat, 8 Desember 1980 pada umur 40 tahun) paling dikenal sebagai penyanyi, pencipta lagu, instrumentalis, penulis, dan aktivis politik yang terkenal di seluruh dunia sebagai pemimpin dari The Beatles. Lennon dan Paul McCartney membentuk partnership pencipta lagu yang paling sukses dan berhasil hingga saat ini. Lennon dengan sinismenya dan mcCartney dengan optimismenya melengkapi satu sama lain dengan sangat baik.


John mengawali karir bersama The Beatles pada 1960. Bersama grup ini beberapa album yang dirilis di antaranya, Please Please Me (1963), With the Beatles (1963), A Hard Day's Night (1964), Beatles for Sale (1964), Help! (1965), Rubber Soul (1965), Revolver (1966), Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), The Beatles (1968), Yellow Submarine (1969), Abbey Road (1969) dan Let It Be (1970).


Selama 1970 sampai 1975, John menjalani karir solo, dengan album-album yang dirilis di antaranya, John Lennon/ Plastic Ono Band (1970), Imagine (1971), Some Time in New York City (with Yoko Ono 1972), Mind Games (1973), Walls and Bridges (1974), Rock 'n' Roll (1975), Double Fantasy (with Yoko Ono 1980), Milk and Honey (with Yoko Ono 1984), dan lain-lain.

Setelah bubarnya The Beatles pada tahun 1970, ia juga sukses dengan karir solonya. Salah satu hitsnya yang hingga kini masih sangat terkenal adalah Imagine, lagu yang kemudian menjadi salh satu himne perdamaian dunia.

Lennon juga menunjukkan sifatnya yang pemberontak dan selera humornya yang sinis dalam film-film seperti A Hard Day's Night (1964), dalam buku yang ditulisnya seperti In His Own Write, konferensi pers dan wawancara. Ia menggunakan kepopulerannya untuk kegiatannya sebagai aktivis perdamaian, seniman dan penulis.
Lennon dua kali menikah, yaitu dengan Cynthia Powell di tahun 1962 dan seniman Jepang, Yoko Ono di tahun 1969. Ia memiliki dua orang anak, Julian Lennon (lahir tahun 1963) dan Sean Taro Ono Lennon (lahir tahun 1975). Ia meninggal di New York pada usia 40 tahun, ditembak oleh Mark Chapman, penggemarnya yang gila.

John Lennon, adalah salah satu penyanyi dan juga aktor legendaris dunia. Terkenal sebagai anggota dan pendiri grup musik The Beatles, bersama Paul McCartney, George Harrison dan Ringo Starr.

Referensi :

- http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/john_lennon/
- http://beymine.blogspot.com/2009/05/biografi-john-lennon.html

Justin Bieber adalah anak dari pasangan muda Jeremy Jack Bieber (ayah) dan Patricia (Pattie) Lynn Mallette (ibu) dimana ibunya berusia 18 tahun saat melahirkan Justin. Pasangan ini berpisah pada saat Justin Bieber berumur 2 tahun. Pada umur 4 tahun Justin didaftarkan pada sekolah bermain drum oleh ibunya dan mulai belajar piano saat umur 7, dan gitar pada umur 10. Saat disekolah menengah ia belajar untuk bermain terompet. Ayahnya kemudian menikah lagi dengan Erin Bieber dan memiliki anak perempuan dan lelaki yang menjadi saudara tiri Justin Bieber.


Pada acara "Tonight Show" yang dipandu oleh Jay Leno Justin mengungkapkan bahwa saudara perempuannya, Jazmyn Bieber, memanggilnya "Bieber" dan ia sangat menyukai Pizza nanas ala Hawai. Pertemuan Bieber dengan Usher membawa dia dan ibunya pindah dari Ontario, Kanada ke Atlanta, Georgia, Amerika Serikat demi karir musiknya.

Pada usia 12 tahun, Justin mengikuti kontes menyanyi di kotanya, Stratford, dan memenangkan juara kedua. Sejak itu dia mulai mendokumentasikan penampilannya dan mengunggahnya di Youtube, untuk teman-teman yang tak sempat melihatnya tampil. Pada beberapa videonya, Justin menyanyikan lagu-lagu beberapa penyanyi ternama seperti Usher, Justin Timberlake, Ne-Yo, Chris Brown, dan Stevie Wonder dengan versinya sendiri.

Scooter Braun seorang Marketing Eksekutif dari So So Def yang tanpa sengaja menyaksikan penampilannya di Youtube, tertarik dan mengontak Bieber untuk kemudian menerbangkannya ke Atlanta, Georgia untuk bertemu Usher. Usher yang terpesona dengan apa yang ia lihat kemudian menggandeng L.A. Reid, Ketua Island Def Jam dan menawarkan kontrak rekaman melalui label rekaman Island Record pada Justin Bieber yang pada saat itu berumur 15 tahun. Justin kemudian menerbitkan singelnya "One More Time" dan videod di tahun 2009. Sementara album pertamanya, My World, diterbitkan pada November 2009.

Album ini juga menampilkan Usher, yang juga tampil dalam video musiknya, "One Time". Single pertamanya, One Time menduduki posisi ke 12 dalam Canadian Hot 100 dan posisi 26 di the Billboard Hot 100. Bersama Miranda Cosgrove, Bieber menjadi salah satu presenter dalam 2009 MTV Video Music Awards tepat sebelum penampilan Taylor Swift. Beberapa hari sebelumnya, Bieber tampil membawakan lagu "One Time" pada MTV VMA Tour untuk mempromosikan acara tersebut. Pada 26 September 2009, Bieber tampil pada acara YTV's The Next Star, dan mengumumkan bahwa "One Time" mendapatkan Platinum di Kanada. Pada acara yang sama Bieber juga mengumumkan bahwa singel keduanya, Lonely Girl, dirilis.

"Baby", single utama dari album keduanya yang muncul, yang mana dinyanyikan berduet dengan rapper Ludacris, dirilis pada bulan Januari 2010 dan menjadi single hit terbesarnya sejauh ini, mendapat chart ranting lima di US, dan mencapai sepuluh besar di tujuh Negara lainnya. Single digital keduanya, "Never Let You Go", dan "U Smile" merupakan hit tigapuluh besar pada US Hot 100, dan duapuluh besar di Kanada. According to review aggregator Metacritic, the album has received "generally favorable reviews". Itu muncul yang pertama di US Billboard 200, membuat Bieber, artis penyanyi solo termuda untuk mencapai chart teratas sejak Stevie Wonder in 1963.

Album My World 2.0 juga muncul pada nomer satu di Canadian Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart, dan Australian Albums Chart, dan The New Zealand Albums Chart dan mencapai sepuluh besar di limabelas negara lainnya. Untuk mempromosikan albumnya, Bieber mucul menghadap beberapa orang atau langsung di program termasuk The View, The 2010 Kids Choice Awards, Nightline, The Late Show with David Letterman, The Dome dan 106 and Park. Pada April 2010, Bieber merupakan tamu dari konser musical Saturday Night Live. Pada 4 Juli 2010, Bieber tampil di Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular di New York City. Single kedua dari album My World 2.0, "Somebody to Love", dirilis pada April 2010, dan versi lainnya atau remix dinyanyikan dengan mentor Bieber yaitu Usher. Pada Juni 2010, single itu mencapai nomer 15 di Billboard Hot 100.

Pada 23 Juni 2010 tur Bieber dimulai di Hartford, Connecticut, untuk mempromosikan My World dan My World 2.0. Pada Juli 2010 media Toronto Sun Kanada mengumumkan bahwa Bieber merajai pencarian terbanyak untuk selebritis melalui mesin pencari seperti Google di Internet. dan video musiknya "Baby", mengungguli musik video Lady Gaga, "Bad Romance" dan menjadi video terbanyak yang pernah dilihat di YouTube.[24] Pada September 2010, Bieber mendapatkan 3 persen dari seluruh lalu lintas di Twitter, sebuah situs jejaring sosial .
Dikarenakan Justin mengalami peralihan suara akibat pubertas, suara di albumnya menjadi lebih mendalam dari dibandingkan suaranya saat merekam album pertamanya. Penyanyi serta penulis lagu Inggris Taio Cruz memberikan informasi pada Juli 2010 bahwa ia sedang menulis lagu untuk album Bieber selanjutnya. Sementara produser genre Hip hop Dr. Dre menelurkan dua lagu dengan Bieber pada Juli 2010 namun lagi tersebut belum ditentukan akan mengisi album yang mana. Bieber tampil menyanyikan "U Smile", "Baby," dan "Somebody to Love" di 2010 MTV Video Music Awards pada 12 September 2010.

Bieber mengumumkan pada Oktober bahwa dia akan merilis album akustik yaitu My Worlds Acoustic. Itu dirilis pada Black Friday di United States dan keistimewaan versi akustik dari album di lagu pada album sebelumnya, dan dia juga merilis single pada album ini dan juga lagu baru yaitu "Pray".

Kedatangan Justin Bieber di Indonesia

Pada Januari 2011 koran The Jakarta Post mencatat ribuan pengemar di Jakarta antri untuk mendapatkan tiket konser Justin Bieber di Jakarta. Sejumlah 10.500 lembar tiket dipersiapkan, dan sebanyak 4.000 tiket habis terjual di hari pertama. Konser Justin Bieber pada tanggal 23 April 2011 yang bertempat di Sentul memiliki harga tiket bervariasi mulai dari Rp 500,000 (US $55) hingga Rp 1 juta.

Justin Bieber menjadi sensasi di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2009 setelah ditemukan oleh Scooter Braun melalui video kompetisi menyanyi lokal "Stratford Star" di Ontario yang dipublikasikan di YouTube oleh ibu Justin di tahun 2007, dimana Justin meraih peringkat kedua. Scooter Braun, seorang agen pencari bakat dan mantan Marketing Eksekutif perusahaan So So Def melihat video ini dan memutuskan untuk mempertemukan Justin Bieber dengan Usher untuk audisi. Singel pertamanya yang berjudul "One Time", diterbitkan secara serentak diseluruh dunia di tahun 2009, dan meduduki peringkat 30 besar di lebih dari 10 negara. Albumnya pertamanya "My World" (Duniaku) kemudian mengikuti pada 17 November 2009 dan menerima penghargaan platinum di Amerika Serikat, dan menjadi penyanyi pertama yang memiliki tujuh lagu dari album pertama yang keseluruhannya berhasil mendapat peringkat di Billboard Hot 100, sebuah daftar lagu-lagu terkemuka yang sedang digemari.

Kepopuleran Justin Bieber diseluruh dunia dalam waktu singkat dikenal sebagai "Bieber Fever" (Demam Bieber) dimana julukan ini diberikan pada penggemarnya dengan obsesi yang berlebihan terhadap Justin Bieber. Banyak artis yang mengalami "Demam Bieber" diantaranya Jennifer Love Hewitt, dan Beyonce diperingatkan agar hati-hati oleh suaminya Jay-Z, saat berfoto bersama Justin Bieber pada penghargaan Grammy ke 52.

Walaupun dikenal akan suaranya, namun penyanyi ini juga mampu memainkan keyboards, piano, gitar, drum dan bahkan terompet, yang keseluruhannya dipelajarinya sendiri

Referensi :

- http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber