Che Guevara has the real name Ernesto Guevara Lynch de La Serna (Rosario, Argentina, June 14, 1928 - Bolivia, October 9, 1967) is an Argentine Marxist revolutionary and Cuban guerrilla leader.

Guevara was born in Rosario, Argentina, mixed-blood family of Irish, Basque and Spanish. Date of birth written on his birth certificate which is June 14, 1928, but the truth is May 14, 1928.

Since the age of two Che Guevara suffered from asthma throughout his life suffered. Therefore, the family moved to the drier areas of Alta Gracia (Cordoba) where his health did not improve. Primary education he got at home in part from her mother, Celia de la Serna. At such a young age, Che Guevara has become a voracious reader. He diligently read the literature about Karl Marx, Engels and Sigmund Freud in his father's library. Entering the first middle school (1941) at the Colegio Nacional Dean Funes (Cordoba). At this school he became the best in the field of literature and sports. In his Che Guevara moved by the refugees of civil war Spain also by a barrage of severe political crisis in Argentina. This crisis culminated under the rule of fascist dictator Juan Peron left, a man who opposed Guevara. Various events are firmly planted in Guevara, he saw an insult in the pantomime that played in Parliament with its democracy and also the hatred will appear along with the military politicians and the capitalists who mainly to the United States dollar is considered a symbol of capitalism.

Nevertheless he did not participate in the revolutionary student movement. He showed little interest in politics at the University of Buenos Aires (1947) where he studied medicine. At first he was only interested in deepening the disease itself, but then she was interested in leprosy.

a return to their homes by a unanimous belief of the one thing that he did not want to be a professional middle class because of his expertise as a skin specialist. Then in the national revolution he went to La Paz, Bolivia where he was accused of being an opportunist. From there he went to Guatemala, earning his living by writing articles about the archaeological ruins of the Maya and Inca Indians. Guatemala was ruled by President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman is a socialist. Although Che has become a follower of Marxism and social scientists understand Lenin he refused to join the Communist Party. This resulted in the loss of opportunity for him to be a government medical worker, therefore he became poor. He lived with Hilda Gadea, a Marxist Saxon political education graduate of Indian descent. This person who introduce him to Nico Lopez, one of Fidel Castro's Lieutenant. In Guatemala he saw the CIA agent working as an agent of counterrevolution and more convinced that the revolution can only be armed insurrection. When the office of President Arbenz fell, Guevara moved to Mexico City (September 1954) and worked at the General Hospital, followed by Hilda Gadea and Nico Lopez. Guevara met and marveled at the Raúl Castro and Fidel Castro, then political émigrés, and he realized that Fidel was the leader he was seeking.

He joined Castro's followers in farmhouses where the fighters of the Cuban revolution trained guerrilla warfare violently and professionally by the Spanish Republican army captain Alberto Bayo, an author of "Ciento cincuenta preguntas a un guerilleo" (One hundred and fifty questions to a guerrilla fighter) in Havana, 1959. Bayo not only teaches from personal experience but also Mao Tse-tung and Che (in Italian means roommate and close friend) became his favorite disciple and a leader in class. War exercises at the farm to make local police suspicious and Che and the Cuban people were arrested but released a month later.

In June 1956, when they invaded Cuba, Che went with them, initially as a doctor but later as commander of the revolutionary army Barbutos. He is the most aggressive and intelligent and most successful of the entire guerrilla leader and the most sincere giving teachings of Lenin to his subordinates. He is also a ruthless disciplinarian who did not hesitate to shoot people in the arena this is sloppy and he gained a reputation for cold-blooded cruelty in the mass execution of fanatical supporters of the ousted president Batista. At the time of the revolution was won, Guevara is the second person after Fidel Castro in Cuba's new government and was responsible for leading Castro to communism that led to communism was not an independent Moscow-style communism orthodox adopted some college friends. Che organized and directed the Instituto Nacional de la Reforma Agraria, which make up the contents of agrarian law confiscating the lands owned by the feudal lords (landlords), established the Ministry of Industry and was appointed President of the National Bank of Cuba and displacing the communists from the government and postal strategic items. He acted tough against two French Marxist economist who asked for advice by Fidel Castro and Che who want to act more slowly. Che is also a fight against the Soviet advisers. He brought the Cuban economy so fast into total Communism, crop and production diversification that he temporarily ruined.


Wedding Che Guevara

In 1959, married Aledia Guevara March, then the two of visiting Egypt, India, Japan, Indonesia, which also attended the Asia-Africa Conference, Pakistan and Yugoslavia. Upon his return to Cuba he was appointed Minister of Industry, signed a trade pact (February 1960) with the Soviet Union, which releases Cuban sugar industry in the U.S. market dependence. This is a signal would failure in the Congo and Bolivia an axiom would be a mistake that would not be inevitable. "It is not necessary to wait until the conditions for revolution exist: the instructional focus can create" 'And, with Mao Tse-tung, he believed that the countryside must bring the revolution to the city that most of its population is farmers. Also at this time he spread the communist philosophy (published later in "The Socialism and Man in Cuba", March 12, 1965). He summarizes pahamnya become "Man can indeed achieve the perfect level of humanity when it produces without being compelled by physical needs, so he must sell himself as a commodity".


Official opposition to the communist Soviet Union appears when the organization for Asian-African Solidarity at Algiers (February 1965) accused the Soviet Union as an accomplice of imperialism with trade not only with the communist-bloc countries and provide assistance to developing countries of the socialist on the consideration of return. He also attacked the Soviet government for its policy of coexistence and for Revisionism. Guevara Tricontinental conference to realize the program of revolutionary, insurrectionary, guerrilla cooperation in Africa, Asia and South America. In addition, after the forced contact with the United States, he as the representative of Cuba to the United Nations attacked the North American countries for their greed and ruthless imperialism in Latin America.


Che Guevara attitude uncompromising on two capitalist countries encourage the communist state to stop forcing Castro Che (1965, not officially, but in practice. For several months a secret and his death was widely rumored. He was in various African countries, notably the Congo in which he surveying the possibility of turning the Kinshasa rebellion into a Communist revolution by Cuban guerrilla tactics. He returned to Cuba to train volunteers for this project and send a force of 120 Cubans to the Congo. His men fought in earnest, but not so with the rebels Kinshasa. They are in vain against the cruelty of Belgian and when the autumn 1965 Che asks Castro to withdraw Cuban aid only.

Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 from the couple Immanuel Nobel and Andriette Ahlsell. The father is an engineer and businessman in the construction field who also likes to experiment, especially in terms of destruction of buildings and stone which is strongly associated with the profession. Later, this is the business lines that drive to find a dynamite Alfred Nobel as explosives.

When Alfred was born, Immanuel business crash. This prompted him to move to other countries, namely Finland and Russia. His family was left in Stockholm. Despite coming from a wealthy family, Andriette have tenacity and ability to work hard are amazing. In order to make ends meet his family, he opened a grocery store in Stockholm and reap the wealth is not small.

In 1842 Immanuel Nobel family reunited in Russia. Immanuel is a new business, namely the field of machinery on the rise and success because of the contract with the Russian military as a provider of equipment used in the Crimean War against England. His company also makes marine and land mines needed for the Russian government.

Nobel family settled in Saint Petersburg and the simple life, although actually be engaged in luxury. Immanuel invest his fortune in the education of their children. Alfred and his brother did not undergo any formal education in schools. They are privately educated at home under educated teachers who are competent in their respective fields.

The results of such education is very visible in Alfred. Under the guidance of a Swedish teacher, Lars Santesson, he finally has a very deep interest in literature and philosophy. Ivan Peterov Immanuel teach kids math, physics, and chemistry. All children Immanuel fluent in Swedish, Russian, Russia, France, Britain, and Germany. Alfred himself to master the language at the age of 17.

Although education receives the same base, Alfred chose a different path with his brothers. Ludvig and Robert engaged in the engineering field, while Alfred chose to explore the science of chemistry. Professor Nikolai N. Zinin, the chemistry teacher, is the person who introduced Alfred and Immanuel will nitroglycerine in the future.

Studying chemical engineering

Alfred Nobel was very interested in youth literature, physics, and chemistry. He also classified as a melancholic personal because it is very like making poetry. After him, he recorded a personal library consisting of 1,500 books ranging from science, philosophy, to theology and history. The works of Lord Byron, poet from England, so he enjoy doing.

Philosophy helped fill his youth. Just because you want to test the ability of berbahasanya (and of course the intellectual as well), Alfred Nobel Voltaire translated from French to Swedish language and re-wrote it in French. Thought Locke, Alexander von Humboldt, and Benedict Spinoza was dilahapnya with ease.

Apparently, Immanuel do not agree with Alfred craze. He hoped that Alfred joined the family enterprise, especially as an engineer. Immanuel effort to divert attention from the literary world Alfred realized by sending Alfred abroad. Immanuel want for their children quiet and introverted little was studying chemical engineering science and open their horizons.

Alfred began traveling since 1850 until 1852. The first country he visited was the United States. There he learned the latest technologies. His education was continued in Paris, France. Professor T.J. Pelouze accept to work in his private laboratory on the recommendation given by Professor Zinin, a former chemistry teacher.

Zinin himself was a disciple of Pelouze. Pelouze is a professor at the Collge de France and also a close friend of Berzelius, Swedish chemist.

What happened in Paris was long tails on the business of Alfred Nobel later. The town also makes a chemist Alfred acquainted with young students who come from Italy Pelouze, Ascanio Sobrero. Sobrero three years earlier, in 1847, found liquid chemicals called with pyroglicerine (now called nitroglycerin). He explains to Alfred, this material has a high explosive power, but he did not know how to control the resulting explosion.

Nitroglycerin produced from mixing the glycerin with nitric and sulfuric acid or the nitrated glycerol. This material is dangerous because it is explosive. Although it has destroyed the power exceeds gunpowder (Gunpowder), but this fluid can easily explode if pressure and temperature increase. Alfred Nobel was interested in knowing more about the nitroglycerine and wants to involve its use in the construction business.

Insolvent

In 1852 Immanuel Nobel business progressed very rapidly in line with the increasing severity of the Crimean War. The Russian government will order the equipment of war increases. Alfred Emmanuel commanded to return to Russia to help his family business.

Based on the knowledge gained during in Paris, Alfred and his father conducted a series of experiments to produce the nitroglycerin in large quantities and can be used in commercial purposes.

The idea will be studies of nitroglycerin comes also from Professor Zinin who held a demonstration would be the use of nitroglycerin for military purposes. At the demonstration, Zinin poured a few drops of nitroglycerine which then hit causing a loud explosion. However, it turns out that react only fluid that is in contact with the pressure, the rest remain.

Immanuel was trying to involve them in the Crimean War, but all failed and do not work. According to Alfred in the future, his father, who carried out experiments by mixing nitroglycerin with gunpowder only done on a small scale.

Crimean War was finally over after the signing of the Treaty of Paris on March 30, 1856. This event resulted in a second bankruptcy for Immanuel and forced him to leave Russia and return to Sweden. Robert and Ludvig stayed in Russia and develop a business machine that would later establish the Russian oil company called Brothers Nobel or Branobel.

"Kieselguhr"

Approximately in 1860, Alfred held a series of personal experiments. Eventually she began successfully producing nitroglycerine without any significant problems. Its success is a first advantage over Sobrero.

Alfred then mixing nitroglycerin with gunpowder and burning it with the help axis. The father who did a similar experiment quite furious. She thought it was his idea. Alfred also explained what he was doing, so that any anger subsided Immanuel. The work of Alfred Nobel will be called by blasting liquid oil is also contained in the patent in October 1863, at the age of 30.
After that, the shadow of Alferd Nobel success began to appear gradually. In the spring and next summer, he returned the research and finally find out the mechanism of nitroglycerin production simpler and introduce the use of detonators in blasting. Both also eventually patented his discovery.

Despite relatively melancholy, Alfred Nobel was not the one who slowly recovering from grief. In September 1864, in Stockholm, Alfred factory exploded and killed his brother, Emil Nobel. One month later, he included the company in the stock market.

Great success was achieved. The factory was more scattered across the world. He bought a parcel of land in Hamburg, Germany, and set up factories there. Factories in the United States were built in 1866 after fighting a variety of bureaucratic obstacles and similar business practices.

The success did not dampen the success of Alfred attention on a very favorite area, namely research. He finally knew, nitroglycerin can be absorbed by a porous material that has a shape that are portable, can be brought anywhere, and safe.

While living in Germany, he finally found the material. This material is known as kieselguhr, which is made from silica sand pengabsorb derived from algae diatomae shell. Kieselguhr make nitroglycerine has a shape, being able mengabsorb liquid chemicals. Thus, this mixture can be easily placed in the bombed and taken anywhere without fear of explosion.

This is where the dynamite came from. Dynamite comes from the Greek word dynamis, meaning power or power. 1867 is also a golden age for the Alfred Nobel since his dynamite patent approval in various countries such as Sweden, Britain and the United States. Dynamite was found during pneumatic drilling machines and diamond are used for similar purposes. It is not surprising that the involvement of dynamite greatly reduce the time, effort, and cost in construction projects.

In 1868 Alfred Nobel and his father received an award Letterstedt Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. This award is given to anyone who produces a valuable discovery for mankind. The idea comes also from the Nobel Prize awards earned by Alfred Nobel in Sweden.

The flurry of business and he often traveled abroad only leaving little time for his personal life. At the age of 43 she was feeling lonely. This prompted him to make friends at home and also private secretary to the way advertise in the newspaper. Applicants came. But the choice finally fell on the Countess Bertha Kinsky, an Austrian noblewoman.

Introduction to the Countess did not last long because the Countess Bertha Kinsky had to marry Count Arthur von Suttner. Nevertheless, they kept in touch through letters. Bertha von Suttner was not a woman at random. He was classified as a thinker and world peace activist who later produced a book titled "Lay Down Your Arms". Many people who do not doubt the influence of Bertha von Suttner in shaping the ideas of Alfred Nobel for giving his wealth in the form of prizes for those who strongly supports the peace of the world. Bertha von Suttner himself received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905.

Excess Alfred Nobel that really stand out is its ability to combine the style of a deep thinking philosopher and scientist-style with his view that far-sighted and dynamic that often possessed by an industrialist. He is also interested in social issues and not infrequently also catapult ideas that are categorized as radical for that time. Literature and writing poetry as well they do.

Abundant wealth and the absence of descendants to make him confused about to be given to anyone who owned property. On 27 November 1895 he wrote his will in the presence of the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris. In 1891 in moved from Paris heading to San Remo, Italy where he died of a brain hemorrhage on December 10, 1896. Alfred Nobel produced 355 patents during his lifetime.***

Ibnu SIna History live will explain in this page.

Ibn Sina, which had the original name Syeikhur Rais, Abu Ali Husein bin Abdillah bin Hasan bin Ali bin Sina, born in 370 in a village called Isalmic Calendar Khormeisan near Bukhara. Since childhood, from Ibn Sina Ismailiyah bermadzhab families are already familiar with the scientific discussion, particularly that presented by his father. A very high intelligence makes it stand out so that one of his teachers advised her father to Ibn Sina did not jump into anything other than work study and acquire knowledge.

Thus, Ibn Sina in full to give its attention to scientific activities. His geniuses make it quickly mastered many sciences, and although still young, he was skilled in medicine. He became famous, so the King of Bukhara Nuh bin Mansur, who ruled between the years 366 to 387 Isalmic Calendar now illness called Ibn Sina to treat and to treat it.


Thanks to this, Ibn Sina to freely enter the palace library Samani great. Ibn Sina on the library it says so;

"All the books I want are there. In fact, I find many books that most people never even know his name. I myself have never been seen and will never see again. So I diligently read the scriptures, and as much as possible to use it ... When stepped on my age 18 years, I have managed to complete all fields. "Avicenna the various sciences, such as wisdom, semantic, and the various branches of mathematics.



Busy on the political stage at the palace Mansur Samani dynasty kings, as well as its position as a minister in the government of Abu Tahir Syamsud Serra Deilami and political conflicts that occur due to a power struggle between the aristocratic group, does not reduce the activity of science Avicenna. Even long safari to various places and detention for several months in jail Tajul Muk, the ruler of Hamedan, not hinder him to produce hundreds of volumes of scientific papers and pamphlets.



While in the palace and lived a quiet and can easily obtain the desired book, Ibn Sina busied himself by writing a book Qanun in medical science or philosophy of writing encyclopedia dibeni name of the book Al-Syifa '. But when he should've written a small book called the pamphlet. While in prison, Ibn Sina concern themselves with the bytes composing a poem, or write using the religious contemplation of beauty.



Among the books and pamphlets written by Ibn Sina, al-Syifa 'in philosophy and Al-Qanun in medical science are known throughout the mass. Al-Syifa 'written in 18 volumes dealing with the philosophy of science, mantiq, mathematics, natural sciences and ilahiyyat. Mantiq al-Syifa 'now known as the most authentic books of Islamic mantiq sciences, natural sciences, and while the discussion of al-ilahiyyat Syifa' till now is still the subject of review.



In medical science, the book Al-Qanun Ibn Sina's writings over several centuries to be the main reference books and the most authentic. Book is stripping the general rules of medical science, medicine and many diseases. Along with the rise of the translation movement in the 12th century AD, the book Al-Qanun Ibn Sina's works translated into Latin. Now the book has also been translated into English, French and German. Al-Qanun is the book of the ancient methods of treatment and methods of treatment of Islam. This Book has become the curriculum of medical education in European universities.



Ibnu also have a major role in developing various areas of science. He translated works Aqlides run observatory for science and astronomy. Ibn Sina on the issue of energy research results to the problem of empty space, light and heat to the wealth of knowledge of the world.



It was said that Ibn Sina has a paper in Latin entitled De Conglutineation Lagibum. In one chapter of this paper, Ibn Sina discusses the origin of the name of the mountains. The discussion was very interesting. There Ibn Sina says, "The possibility of a mountain created because of two causes. First menggelembungnya outer skin of the earth, and this happens because the great earthquake shaking. Due to the water to find a way to flow. The process resulted in the emergence of the valleys together and create markup on the surface of the earth. Because some hard ground and some software. Winds also blew the play with some and leaving some in place. This is the cause of the appearance of bumps on the outer skin of the earth. "



Ibn Sina to the power of logic, so in many ways following the mathematical theory and even in medicine and the treatment process, also known as a philosopher unrivaled. According to him, a newly recognized as a scholar, where he was master of philosophy perfectly. Ibn Sina was very careful in studying the views of Aristotle in the field of philosophy. When told his experience studying thought of Aristotle, Avicenna claimed that he read the works of Aristotle Metaphysics Book by 40 times. He dominated the purposes of this book is perfect after reading lectures or explanations 'metaphysics of Aristotle', written by Farabi, Muslim philosophers before.



In philosophy, the life of Abu Ali Ibn Sina had two crucial periods. The first period is the period when he was involved in understand the philosophy paripatetik. In this period, Ibn Sina is known as a translator of Aristotle thought. Second period is the period when Ibn Sina withdraw from paripatetik understand that Peter and tend to mind their own illumination.



Thanks to the study and the study of philosophy that made the earlier philosophers such as Al-Kindi and Farabi, Ibn Sina successfully develop a coordinated system of Islamic philosophy of care. Done a great job Avicenna philosophy is to answer several questions previously unanswered.



Ibn Sina's influence philosophical thinking such thoughts and his study work in the field of medicine is not just focused on reaching the Muslim world but also Europe. Albertos Magnus, German scientists from the life of Dominique flow between 1200-1280 BC was the first European to write a complete explanation of the philosophy of Aristotle. It is known as a major pioneering Christian Aristotelian thought. He is a Christian world mate with Aristotelian thought. He knows big views and the Greek philosophers thought that the books of Ibn Sina. Metaphysics of Ibn Sina's philosophy is a summary of the philosophical themes of truth are two centuries later by Western thinkers.



Ibn Sina died in 428 at age 58 years Isalmic Calendar. He went after a lot of things contributed to the wealth of knowledge of mankind and his name will always be remembered throughout history. Ibn Sina is an example of the great civilizations of Iran at the time.

Teori evolusi Charles Darwin dalam Sains Moden digambarkan sebagai teori yang menyatakan bahawa manusia berasal daripada binatang ,khususnya dari binatang yang berupa mawas manusia.Darwin dalam bukunya bertajuk "The Origin Of species"(Asal-Usul Jenis-Jenis Haiwan ).Beliau mengutarakan satu saranan bahawa semua makhluk yang hidup telah wujud hasil daripada proses evolusi daripada satu atau beberapa nenek moyang.Teori beliau menumpukan perhatian kepada bagaimana bentuk haiwan yang simpel berevolusi untuk menjadi bentuk yang kompleks.Beliau merumuskan pengalaman-pengalamannya bahawa semua jenis binatang berasal dari ameba,sejenis haiwan yang mempunyai satu sel.Bermakna beliau percaya bahawapada mulanya Pencipta mencipta satu atau beberapa bentuk organisma yang simpel.Dengan proses pertarungan tabii,organisma yang kompleks telah dihasilkan ,yang penting disini ialah Darwin percaya bahawa organisma-organisma atau spesis-spesis yang kompleks berhasil dari nenek moyang yang sama iaitu spesis yang simpel.

Darwin sendiri sedar bahawa rekod-rekod fosil tidak menyokong lamunannya tetapi menyimpan harapan bahawa penyelidikkan seterusnya akan mengisi kekosongan tersebut.



ASAS HIPOTESIS DARWIN

Hipotesis evolusi menyarankan bahawa semua yang sedang atau telah hidup berasal daripada organisma yang lebih rendah atau kurang sempurna melalui proses turunan disertai dengan perubahan.Bukti-bukti yang diutarakan oleh Darwin adalah seperti berikut menurut keutamaannya.



Bukti-Bukti Utama ialah :

1. Di antara individu-individu kebanyakkan spesis,terdapat berbagai variasi dan perubahan .Variasi ini sangat jelas di kalangan haiwan ternak dan tumbuhan pertanian.

2. Dalam perjuangan hidup ,organisma (haiwan atau tumbuhan) yang akan terus hidup ialah yang paling mampu untuk mempertahankan diri atau menyesuaikan diri dengan keadaan iklim dan suasana sekitarnya.Organisma-organisma yang terbaik itu akan memindahkan baka-bakanya kepada keturunannya secara proses seleksi tabii.

3. Mutasi dan pemencilan memain peranan yang penting untuk mewujudkan sesuatu spesis yang baru.

4. Rekod-rekod fosil dari zaman purba yang dijumpai di lapisan geologi telah memberi bukti bahawa evolusi telah berlaku.



BUKTI-BUKTI SAMPINGAN

a) Persamaan yang dapat dilihat dari peringkat –peringkat "embrio" ke peringkat "fetus" antara organisma –organisma yang jelas berbeza pada peringkat dewasa.

b) Kebolehan untuk menjenis organisma-organisma dalam kelas-kelas tertentu menurut ke turunan dan peringkat-peringkat kesempurnaan.

3. Adanya anggota-anggota (organ) yang dianggap sebagai tidak berkembang .Anggota tersebut telah disangka sebagai turunan anggota yang berperingkat lebih rendah di mana anggota itu didapati dalam keadaan yang sempurna dan sangat berguna.
Demikian tentang Teori Evolusi Charles Darwin.

Cleopatra yang kita kenal sekarang adalah bernama Cleopatra VII Philopator ( Januari 69 SM – 12 Agustus 30 SM) adalah ratu Mesir kuno, anggota terakhir dinasti Ptolemeus. Walaupun banyak ratu Mesir lain yang menggunakan namanya, dialah yang dikenal dengan nama Cleopatra, dan semua pendahulunya yang bernama sama hampir dilupakan orang.

Ia adalah penguasa Mesir bersama ayahnya Ptolemeus XII, saudara laki-laki sekaligus suaminya: Ptolemeus XIII dan Ptolemeus XIV, dan akhirnya anaknya Caesarion. Cleopatra berhasil mengatasi kudeta yang dirancang oleh pendukung saudara laki-lakinya dengan bersekutu dengan Julius Caesar dan dilanjutkan Mark Antony. Cleopatra memiliki 1 anak dari Julius Caesar dan 3 anak dari Mark Antony (dua diantaranya adalah kembar).


Cleopatra bunuh diri sewaktu Augustus (Octavianus) naik tahta dan menyerang Mesir, dengan cara memasukkan tangannya sendiri kedalam keranjang penuh ular berbisa ( Asp / sejenis Cobra asal Afrika Utara). Kisah hidupnya sering didramatisasikan dalam berbagai bentuk karya, termasuk "Antony and Cleopatra" dari William Shakespeare dan beberapa film modern.

Cleopatra bertemu Caesar
Masa kecil

Sedikit yang diketahui tentang masa kecil Cleopatra, tetapi Cleopatra berdarah Yunani, bukan keturunan Mesir. Ia dilahirkan pada awal tahun 69 Sm, anak ke-3 dari 6 orang dan lahir di kalangan Dinasti Ptolemaik Yunani. Ia mempunyai 2 orang kakak dan seorang adik perempuan serta dua adik laki-laki. Ia dilahirkan dan dibesarkan di Alexandria yang merupakan kota terbesar dan termewah saat itu.

Kerajaan dari ayah Cleopatra tidak aman akibat tekanan dan konflik dari luar dan dalam perebutan kekuasaan, serta konflik dalam seperti Pemenrintahan sentralisasi dan korupsi politik. Hal ini memimpin pemberontakan dan hilangnya Siprus dan Cyrenaica yang menyebabkan masa kekuasaan Ptolemeus sebagai salah satu yang paling mematikan di dinasti tersebut. Semasa kecil, Cleopatra telah melihat persengketaan dalam keluarganya sendiri. Dikatakan bahwa ayahnya selamat dari 2 usaha pembunuhan ketika seoragn pelayan menemukan ular berbisa yang mematikan di tempat tidurnya dan pelayan yang mencicipi minuman anggur tuannya yang selanjutnya pelayan tersebut meninggal.

Kakak perempuan tertuanya, Tryphaena kekaisaran Romawi akibat beban utang yang terlalu tinggi, tetapi masih berharap agar Romawi tidak menaklukan Mesir. Keadaan itu menyebabkan Ptolemeus XII diusir rakyat dari Alexandria yang akhirnya melarikan diri ke Romawi. Pada tahun 58 Sm, ibunya, Cleopatra VBerenice IV dengan bantuan gubernur Suriah Romawi, Aulus Gabinis selama setahun hingga ibunya meninggal, lalu Berenice IV memerintah sendiri.

Ptolemeus XII menggulingkan anak perempuan tertuanya pada tahun 55 SM dan menghukum mati anaknya, Berenice IV. Kakak perempuan Cleopatra lainnya, Tryphaena mengambil tahta dan tidak lama kemudian ia meninggal yang menyisakan Cleopatra dengan suaminya dan adiknya, Ptolemeus XII sebagai penerus tahta.
juga mencoba untuk meracuni Cleopatra sehingga ia mulai menggunakan juru cicip.

Ketika ia berusia belasan tahun, ia menyaksikan kejatuhan ayahnya sendiri dan ayahnya menjadi boneka mengambil alih pemerintahan bersama anaknya, yang dikuasai

Dari ayahnya, Ptolemeus XII, Cleopatra mengetahui akan kekuatan leluhurnya. Leluhurnya telah melakukan penaklukan besar hampir 3 abad yang lalu.
Naik tahta

Ptolemeus XII meninggal pada bulan Maret tahun 51 Sm, membuat Cleopatra yang saat itu berusia sekitar 18 tahun dan Ptolemeus XII yang berusia sekitar 12 tahun sebagai pemimpin gabungan. 3 tahun pertama kekuasaan mereka sulit karena permasalahan ekonomi, kelaparan, banjir Sungai Nil dan konflik politik. Walaupun Cleopatra menikahi adiknya, ia menunjukan bahwa ia tidak memiliki keinginan untuk berbagi kekuasaan dengannya.

Diturunkan dari tahta

Pada bulan Agustus tahun 51 SM, relasi mereka rusak. Cleopatra menurunkan nama Ptolemeus dari dokumen resmi dan wajahnya muncul sendiri di uang koin yang berada diluar tradisi Ptolemaik yang menyatakan bahwa pemimpin wanita dibawahkan oleh pemimpin laki-laki. Hal ini menghasilkan kelompok rahasia orang yang tidak termasuk dalam istana, dipimpin oleh eunuch Pothinus, menurunkan Cleopatra dari kekuasaan dan menjadikan Ptolemeus pemimpin pada tahun 48 Sm (atau lebih awal, dan terdapat sebuah dekrit pada tahun 51 Sm dengan nama Ptolemeus sendiri). Ia mencoba untuk melakukan pemberontakan disekitar Pelusium, tapi ia terpaksa melarikan diri dari Mesir dengan adiknya yang tersisa, Arsinoe.

Kembali Naik Tahta

Ketika Cleopatra pergi dari Mesir, Pompey melibatkan diri dalam perang saudara Romawi. Pada musim gugur tahun 48 Sm, Pompey melarikan diri dari pasukan Julius Caesar ke Alexandria, Pompey dibunuh oleh salah satu mantan opsirnya yang sekarang bekerja untuk Ptolemaik. Ia dipenggal didepan istri dan anaknya, yang berada di kapal yang baru saja ia turuni. Ptolemeus berpikir bahwa dengan ia telah memerintahkan kematian Pompey untuk menyenangkan Julius Caesar. Hal ini adalah kesalahan Ptolemeus yang besar. Ketika Caesar tiba di Mesir dua hari kemudian, Ptolemeus memberikan kepala Pompey. Caesar yang melihat hal ini sangat marah karena fakta bahwa walaupun ia musuh politik Caesar, Pompey adalah konsul Roma dan duda dari anak Julis Caesar, Julia. Caesar menguasai ibukota Mesir dan menjadikannya wasit dari klaim antara Ptolemeus dan Cleopatra. dan mencari suaka. Ptolemeus saat itu berusia 15 tahun dan menunggu kedatangannya. Pada tanggal 28 September 48 SM

Cleopatra mengambil kesempatan ini dan kembali ke istana dan bertemu dengan Caesar. Dipercaya bahwa Caesar terpesona dengan langkahnya, dan Cleopatra menjadi kekasihnya. 9 bulan setelah pertemuan pertama mereka, Cleopatra melahirkan bayi. Pada saat ini, Caesar meninggalkan rencananya untuk menggabungkan Mesir, dan mendukung klaim Cleopatra atas tahta. Setelah perang saudara pendek, Ptolemeus XIII tenggelam di Sungai Nil dan Caesar mengembalikan Cleopatra ke tahtanya, dengan adiknya yang lain Ptolemeus XIV sebagai wakil pemimpin baru.

Hubungan Cleopatra dengan Julius Caesar

Walaupun perbedaan umur Cleopatra dan Julius Caesar sebesar 30 tahun, Cleopatra dan Caesar menjadi kekasih selama Caesar berada di Mesir tahun 48 SM sampai 47 SM. Mereka bertemu ketika Cleopatra berusia 21 tahun dan Caesar berusia 50 tahun. Pada tanggal 23 Juni 47 SM, Cleopatra melahirkanPtolemeus Caesar (disebut "Caesarion" yang berarti "Caesar kecil"). Cleopatra mengklaim Caesar sebagai ayahnya dan berharap untuk menjadikan anak itu sebagai ahli waris, tetapi Caesar menolak dan lebih memilih cucu lelakinya, Octavian. Caesarion dimaksudkan untuk mewarisi Mesir dan Romawi, menyatukan timur dan barat.

Cleopatra dan Caesarion mengunjungi Roma pada tahun 47 SM sampai tahun 41 SM dan hadir ketika Caesar dibunuh pada tanggal 15 Maret 44 SM. Sebelum atau sesudah pembunuhan, ia kembali ke Mesir. Ketika Ptolemeus XIV meninggal karena kesehatannya memburuk, Cleopatra menjadikan Caesarion penerusnya. Untuk menjaganya dan Caesarion, adiknya Arsinoe meninggal.
Hubungan Cleopatra dengan Mark Antony
Anthony dan Cleopatra, dibuat oleh Lawrence Alma-Tadema.

Pada tahun 42 SM. Mark Antony, salah satu orang yang berkuasa di Roma setelah kematian Caesar, memanggil Cleopatra untuk bertemunya di Tarsus untuk menjawab pertanyaan kesetiaannya. Cleopatra tiba dan memikat Antony yang menyebabkan Anthony menghabiskan musim dingin tahun 41 SM -40SM dengannya di Alexandria. Pada tanggal 25 Desember 40 SM, ia melahirkan 2 anak, Alexander Helios dan Cleopatra Selene II.

Empat tahun kemudian, tahun 37 SM, Antony mengunjungi Alexandria sekali lagi untuk berperang dengan Parthian. Ia memperbarui hubungannya dengan Cleopatra, dan sejak saat itu Alexandria menjadi rumahnya. Ia menikahi Cleopatra menurut ritus Mesir (surat dikutip di Suetonius mengusulkan ini), walaupun ia sedang berada pada waktu menikahi Octavia Minor. Ia dan Cleopatra memiliki anak yang bernama Ptolemeus Philadelphus.

Dengan donasi Alexandria pada tahun 34 SM, dan juga serangan Anthony atas Armenia, Cleopatra dan Caesarion dimahkohtai sebagai wakil pemimpin Mesir dan Siprus. Alexander Helios menjadi pemimpin Armenia, Media, dan Parthia; Cleopatra Selene II menjadi pemimpin Cyrenaica dan Libya. Ptolemeus Philadelphus menjadi penguasa Phoenicia, Suriah, dan Sisilia. Cleopatra juga mendapat gelar "Ratu atas Raja".

Sikap Anthony dipandang buruk oleh Romawi dan Octavian meyakinkan senat untuk berperang dengan Mesir. Pada tahun 31 SM, pasukan Anthony menghadapi serangan armada Romawi di pantai Actium. Dengan terjadinya pertempuan Actium, Octavian menyerang Mesir. Dengan tanpa pengungsi lain yang melarikan diri, Anthony melakukan aksi bunuh diri dengan menusukan pedangnya pada tanggal12 Agustus 30 SM.

Kematian
Gambaran kematian Cleopatra oleh Reginald Arthur.

Mark Antony bunuh diri yang menyebabkan Cleopatra juga bunuh diri. Tidak diketahui bagaimana ia meninggal, tetapi menurut legenda, ia mengambil keputusan untuk bunuh diri setelah ia menyadari bahwa ia gagal mencapai tujuannya. Ia meninggal akibat membiarkan dirinya digigit ular berbisa yang diselipkan kedalam bakul berisi buah ara. Dalam detik terakhir kematiannya, ia menyatakan takdirnya sebagai dewi.

Anak Cleopatra, Caesarion mengklaim sebagai pharaoh Mesir, tetapi Octavian menang lebih dulu. Caesarion ditangkap dan dieksekusi, takdirnya dilaporkan dikunci oleh perkataan terkenal Octavian: "Dua Caesar terlalu banyak." Hal ini mengakhiri garis pharaoh Mesir. 3 anak dari Cleopatra dan Antony diampuni dan dibawa kembali ke Roma dan mereka dirawat oleh istri Anthony, Octavia Minor.

Pelayan Cleopatra, Iras and Charmion juga bunuh diri. Anak perempuan Anthony, Octavia diampuni dan juga anaknya, Iullus Antonius. Anaknya yang tertua, Marcus Antonius Antyllus, dibunuh ketika memohon untuk kehidupannya di Caesarium.

John Lennon Bernama Lengkap John Winston Lennon (lahir di Liverpool, Inggris, 9 Oktober 1940 – wafat di New York City, Amerika Serikat, 8 Desember 1980 pada umur 40 tahun) paling dikenal sebagai penyanyi, pencipta lagu, instrumentalis, penulis, dan aktivis politik yang terkenal di seluruh dunia sebagai pemimpin dari The Beatles. Lennon dan Paul McCartney membentuk partnership pencipta lagu yang paling sukses dan berhasil hingga saat ini. Lennon dengan sinismenya dan mcCartney dengan optimismenya melengkapi satu sama lain dengan sangat baik.


John mengawali karir bersama The Beatles pada 1960. Bersama grup ini beberapa album yang dirilis di antaranya, Please Please Me (1963), With the Beatles (1963), A Hard Day's Night (1964), Beatles for Sale (1964), Help! (1965), Rubber Soul (1965), Revolver (1966), Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), The Beatles (1968), Yellow Submarine (1969), Abbey Road (1969) dan Let It Be (1970).


Selama 1970 sampai 1975, John menjalani karir solo, dengan album-album yang dirilis di antaranya, John Lennon/ Plastic Ono Band (1970), Imagine (1971), Some Time in New York City (with Yoko Ono 1972), Mind Games (1973), Walls and Bridges (1974), Rock 'n' Roll (1975), Double Fantasy (with Yoko Ono 1980), Milk and Honey (with Yoko Ono 1984), dan lain-lain.

Setelah bubarnya The Beatles pada tahun 1970, ia juga sukses dengan karir solonya. Salah satu hitsnya yang hingga kini masih sangat terkenal adalah Imagine, lagu yang kemudian menjadi salh satu himne perdamaian dunia.

Lennon juga menunjukkan sifatnya yang pemberontak dan selera humornya yang sinis dalam film-film seperti A Hard Day's Night (1964), dalam buku yang ditulisnya seperti In His Own Write, konferensi pers dan wawancara. Ia menggunakan kepopulerannya untuk kegiatannya sebagai aktivis perdamaian, seniman dan penulis.
Lennon dua kali menikah, yaitu dengan Cynthia Powell di tahun 1962 dan seniman Jepang, Yoko Ono di tahun 1969. Ia memiliki dua orang anak, Julian Lennon (lahir tahun 1963) dan Sean Taro Ono Lennon (lahir tahun 1975). Ia meninggal di New York pada usia 40 tahun, ditembak oleh Mark Chapman, penggemarnya yang gila.

John Lennon, adalah salah satu penyanyi dan juga aktor legendaris dunia. Terkenal sebagai anggota dan pendiri grup musik The Beatles, bersama Paul McCartney, George Harrison dan Ringo Starr.

Referensi :

- http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/john_lennon/
- http://beymine.blogspot.com/2009/05/biografi-john-lennon.html

Justin Bieber adalah anak dari pasangan muda Jeremy Jack Bieber (ayah) dan Patricia (Pattie) Lynn Mallette (ibu) dimana ibunya berusia 18 tahun saat melahirkan Justin. Pasangan ini berpisah pada saat Justin Bieber berumur 2 tahun. Pada umur 4 tahun Justin didaftarkan pada sekolah bermain drum oleh ibunya dan mulai belajar piano saat umur 7, dan gitar pada umur 10. Saat disekolah menengah ia belajar untuk bermain terompet. Ayahnya kemudian menikah lagi dengan Erin Bieber dan memiliki anak perempuan dan lelaki yang menjadi saudara tiri Justin Bieber.


Pada acara "Tonight Show" yang dipandu oleh Jay Leno Justin mengungkapkan bahwa saudara perempuannya, Jazmyn Bieber, memanggilnya "Bieber" dan ia sangat menyukai Pizza nanas ala Hawai. Pertemuan Bieber dengan Usher membawa dia dan ibunya pindah dari Ontario, Kanada ke Atlanta, Georgia, Amerika Serikat demi karir musiknya.

Pada usia 12 tahun, Justin mengikuti kontes menyanyi di kotanya, Stratford, dan memenangkan juara kedua. Sejak itu dia mulai mendokumentasikan penampilannya dan mengunggahnya di Youtube, untuk teman-teman yang tak sempat melihatnya tampil. Pada beberapa videonya, Justin menyanyikan lagu-lagu beberapa penyanyi ternama seperti Usher, Justin Timberlake, Ne-Yo, Chris Brown, dan Stevie Wonder dengan versinya sendiri.

Scooter Braun seorang Marketing Eksekutif dari So So Def yang tanpa sengaja menyaksikan penampilannya di Youtube, tertarik dan mengontak Bieber untuk kemudian menerbangkannya ke Atlanta, Georgia untuk bertemu Usher. Usher yang terpesona dengan apa yang ia lihat kemudian menggandeng L.A. Reid, Ketua Island Def Jam dan menawarkan kontrak rekaman melalui label rekaman Island Record pada Justin Bieber yang pada saat itu berumur 15 tahun. Justin kemudian menerbitkan singelnya "One More Time" dan videod di tahun 2009. Sementara album pertamanya, My World, diterbitkan pada November 2009.

Album ini juga menampilkan Usher, yang juga tampil dalam video musiknya, "One Time". Single pertamanya, One Time menduduki posisi ke 12 dalam Canadian Hot 100 dan posisi 26 di the Billboard Hot 100. Bersama Miranda Cosgrove, Bieber menjadi salah satu presenter dalam 2009 MTV Video Music Awards tepat sebelum penampilan Taylor Swift. Beberapa hari sebelumnya, Bieber tampil membawakan lagu "One Time" pada MTV VMA Tour untuk mempromosikan acara tersebut. Pada 26 September 2009, Bieber tampil pada acara YTV's The Next Star, dan mengumumkan bahwa "One Time" mendapatkan Platinum di Kanada. Pada acara yang sama Bieber juga mengumumkan bahwa singel keduanya, Lonely Girl, dirilis.

"Baby", single utama dari album keduanya yang muncul, yang mana dinyanyikan berduet dengan rapper Ludacris, dirilis pada bulan Januari 2010 dan menjadi single hit terbesarnya sejauh ini, mendapat chart ranting lima di US, dan mencapai sepuluh besar di tujuh Negara lainnya. Single digital keduanya, "Never Let You Go", dan "U Smile" merupakan hit tigapuluh besar pada US Hot 100, dan duapuluh besar di Kanada. According to review aggregator Metacritic, the album has received "generally favorable reviews". Itu muncul yang pertama di US Billboard 200, membuat Bieber, artis penyanyi solo termuda untuk mencapai chart teratas sejak Stevie Wonder in 1963.

Album My World 2.0 juga muncul pada nomer satu di Canadian Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart, dan Australian Albums Chart, dan The New Zealand Albums Chart dan mencapai sepuluh besar di limabelas negara lainnya. Untuk mempromosikan albumnya, Bieber mucul menghadap beberapa orang atau langsung di program termasuk The View, The 2010 Kids Choice Awards, Nightline, The Late Show with David Letterman, The Dome dan 106 and Park. Pada April 2010, Bieber merupakan tamu dari konser musical Saturday Night Live. Pada 4 Juli 2010, Bieber tampil di Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular di New York City. Single kedua dari album My World 2.0, "Somebody to Love", dirilis pada April 2010, dan versi lainnya atau remix dinyanyikan dengan mentor Bieber yaitu Usher. Pada Juni 2010, single itu mencapai nomer 15 di Billboard Hot 100.

Pada 23 Juni 2010 tur Bieber dimulai di Hartford, Connecticut, untuk mempromosikan My World dan My World 2.0. Pada Juli 2010 media Toronto Sun Kanada mengumumkan bahwa Bieber merajai pencarian terbanyak untuk selebritis melalui mesin pencari seperti Google di Internet. dan video musiknya "Baby", mengungguli musik video Lady Gaga, "Bad Romance" dan menjadi video terbanyak yang pernah dilihat di YouTube.[24] Pada September 2010, Bieber mendapatkan 3 persen dari seluruh lalu lintas di Twitter, sebuah situs jejaring sosial .
Dikarenakan Justin mengalami peralihan suara akibat pubertas, suara di albumnya menjadi lebih mendalam dari dibandingkan suaranya saat merekam album pertamanya. Penyanyi serta penulis lagu Inggris Taio Cruz memberikan informasi pada Juli 2010 bahwa ia sedang menulis lagu untuk album Bieber selanjutnya. Sementara produser genre Hip hop Dr. Dre menelurkan dua lagu dengan Bieber pada Juli 2010 namun lagi tersebut belum ditentukan akan mengisi album yang mana. Bieber tampil menyanyikan "U Smile", "Baby," dan "Somebody to Love" di 2010 MTV Video Music Awards pada 12 September 2010.

Bieber mengumumkan pada Oktober bahwa dia akan merilis album akustik yaitu My Worlds Acoustic. Itu dirilis pada Black Friday di United States dan keistimewaan versi akustik dari album di lagu pada album sebelumnya, dan dia juga merilis single pada album ini dan juga lagu baru yaitu "Pray".

Kedatangan Justin Bieber di Indonesia

Pada Januari 2011 koran The Jakarta Post mencatat ribuan pengemar di Jakarta antri untuk mendapatkan tiket konser Justin Bieber di Jakarta. Sejumlah 10.500 lembar tiket dipersiapkan, dan sebanyak 4.000 tiket habis terjual di hari pertama. Konser Justin Bieber pada tanggal 23 April 2011 yang bertempat di Sentul memiliki harga tiket bervariasi mulai dari Rp 500,000 (US $55) hingga Rp 1 juta.

Justin Bieber menjadi sensasi di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2009 setelah ditemukan oleh Scooter Braun melalui video kompetisi menyanyi lokal "Stratford Star" di Ontario yang dipublikasikan di YouTube oleh ibu Justin di tahun 2007, dimana Justin meraih peringkat kedua. Scooter Braun, seorang agen pencari bakat dan mantan Marketing Eksekutif perusahaan So So Def melihat video ini dan memutuskan untuk mempertemukan Justin Bieber dengan Usher untuk audisi. Singel pertamanya yang berjudul "One Time", diterbitkan secara serentak diseluruh dunia di tahun 2009, dan meduduki peringkat 30 besar di lebih dari 10 negara. Albumnya pertamanya "My World" (Duniaku) kemudian mengikuti pada 17 November 2009 dan menerima penghargaan platinum di Amerika Serikat, dan menjadi penyanyi pertama yang memiliki tujuh lagu dari album pertama yang keseluruhannya berhasil mendapat peringkat di Billboard Hot 100, sebuah daftar lagu-lagu terkemuka yang sedang digemari.

Kepopuleran Justin Bieber diseluruh dunia dalam waktu singkat dikenal sebagai "Bieber Fever" (Demam Bieber) dimana julukan ini diberikan pada penggemarnya dengan obsesi yang berlebihan terhadap Justin Bieber. Banyak artis yang mengalami "Demam Bieber" diantaranya Jennifer Love Hewitt, dan Beyonce diperingatkan agar hati-hati oleh suaminya Jay-Z, saat berfoto bersama Justin Bieber pada penghargaan Grammy ke 52.

Walaupun dikenal akan suaranya, namun penyanyi ini juga mampu memainkan keyboards, piano, gitar, drum dan bahkan terompet, yang keseluruhannya dipelajarinya sendiri

Referensi :

- http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber